Go to Vorsma and end up in Karelia - a trip to three picturesque lakes

City in Nizhny Novgorod region, Russia

Vorsma

(Russian: Vorsma) is a town in Pavlovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Kishma River (Okas tributary), 71 km (44 mi) southwest of Nizhny Novgorod, then the administrative center of the region. Population: 11,620 (2010 Census);[3]12,629 (2002 Census);[8]13,648 (1989 Census).[9]

Vorsma. History of vorsma.

The assertions about the emergence of a Russian settlement at the crossings of the Vorsma and Kishma rivers on the ancient Murom-Nizhny Novgorod road already in the 13-14th centuries can be considered substantiated. Today only archaeological excavations can confirm or refute this. Written sources testify to the existence of a large state village on the Vorsma River (hence the name of the village, which we often see in the history of repairs and villages of the region) with Borisoglebsky and St. Nicholas churches in the 16th century. The cult of the first Russian saints - Boris and Gleb - killed by brother Svyatopolk the Accursed in 1015, whom the people revered as true “passion-bearers” for the Russian land, especially in the 11th-12th centuries, serves as another, albeit indirect, argument about the erection of the Boris and Gleb Church here (and , therefore, and village) already in those ancient times.

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Vorsma was the administrative center of a vast rural district. The villages were attributed to her: Ochasnikovo, Volotkovo, Dabrovino, the wastelands of Yaseltsy and Lutoshkino. They numbered slightly less than 23 howls (a howl included 2-4 households), from which the peasants paid annually to the treasury 270 pounds of rye (one = 6 pounds of grain) and the same amount of oats, a total of 3,240 pounds. In addition, at the beginning of the 17th century in Vorsma there were 11 bobyl households, from which a quitrent of 1 ruble was collected. 5 alt, with money (115.5 kopecks). Taxes were also imposed on local waters (lakes and rivers), forest lands and hay fields, a mill on the Vorsma River and another on Kishma near the village of Bocheshnikova. Here, in Vorsma, at the crossing over Kishma, not far from the Boris and Gleb Church, there were the sovereign's customs and tavern, which gave the treasury 149.5 rubles annually in the 17th century, which at that time was a very significant amount. But the year 1608 would become tragic in the fate of Vorsma. The Tushino thief False Dmitry II, in the summer and autumn of 1608, will attempt to capture Nizhny Novgorod and its entire surrounding area. He sent detachments of Cossacks to Balakhna, Vorsma, Bogorodsk and Pavlovo, but inconsistency of actions, and most importantly, the approach to Nizhny Novgorod from Ponizovye of a large detachment of the governor Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev “from the tavaryshchi” led to the defeat of the Balakhna residents on December 2, 1608, the Arzamas residents on December 5, and On December 9, the Nizhny Novgorod regiment of archers and “free willing people” of Andrei Alyabyev scattered the Tushins and the Berezopol residents who joined them near Vorsma and, as the governor reported in the fresh wake of the event, “they beat the thieves, and caught the tongues of many and trampled them, and beat them to the village of Vorsma, and , having beaten them, they steeled themselves in the village, robbed them, and set them on fire.” The residents of Vorsmen later recalled this tragic event with bitterness and lamentation for decades.

In 1611-1612, the residents of Vorsmen, like all the district people of the Volga region, took part in collecting funds and warriors for the Nizhny Novgorod people's militia. Therefore, it is no coincidence that after his accession, the young sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich gave his Duma nobleman Kozma Minin and Vorsma with the villages and wastelands assigned to it. True, only with the right of estate ownership, that is, only for the period of his public service. Kozma Minin enjoyed great recognition not only among his fellow militiamen, but also among ordinary people in general, so after the establishment of peace in the country, people flocked to the lands that belonged to him and wanted to become his peasants. The number of newly settled settlements and villages near Vorsma grew rapidly. By 1616, there were already 166 peasant, 107 Bobyl residential courtyards, 4 church clergy courtyards and 22 beggars’ cells nearby. But after the death of K. Minin, the assignment of Vorsma “to the sovereign” and then the grant in 1617 of the former Minin estate by Mikhail Fedorovich to his close boyar Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky, 52 households here immediately became deserted, peasants who were ready to live “on benefits” for Minin, but They immediately left their habitable places after the transfer of Vorsma and its villages to the boyar’s estate.

The local elder, in his 1618 letter to Moscow, tried to explain this by saying that “in the time of troubles there was a great war in the Nizhny Novgorod district from Mordva and Cheremis and from the thieves’ Cossacks, and so, sir, the village of Vorsma was burned and devastated, many peasants were flogged, and the rest of the peasants are all ruined and conquered.” Therefore, the new owner of Vorsma took energetic measures to restore and further develop the economy of his Nizhny Novgorod estate. In the newly forested clearings, the Kodina wasteland (developed on site) was raised for arable land, and Federkin (the toponym comes from the name of the first settler Fedka Mikhailov) was erected on the Kishma River. The number of residential courtyards in villages has increased significantly. In the Scribe Book of the Berezopol camp of the Nizhny Novgorod district of 1621-1623 it is stated: “Behind the boyar, behind Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky in the estate, which was on the estate behind the Duma nobleman behind Kozma Minin, the village of Vorsma on the lake on Vorsma and at the mouth of the Iksuma river, and in in the village there is the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and the church clerks have 7 courtyards. On the temple grounds there were 23 cells of poor elders and widows, from whom no tax was taken. The inventory does not decipher who these numerous people “living on benefits” were. But based on other, earlier documents, it is obvious that among them there remained a significant number of crippled participants in the Nizhny Novgorod militia of 1611-1612, who lost their health while saving the Fatherland from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders, and therefore were settled “on benefits” by K. Minin in his local Vorsma. Among them are Druzhinka Ivanov with his son Ivashka, Karpunka Filatov and Ulyanka Maksimov, widows Stepanida Obrosimova and Ontonidka Ontropova with their growing sons.

Somewhat further from the St. Nicholas Church stood the estate of I.B. Cherkassky, where his clerks, the brothers Fyodor and Lev Vysungurov, permanently lived, and nearby there were 7 courtyards of “business” people and 3 courtyards of boyar hounds, in which 7 hunters lived at once. All this suggests that I.B. Cherkassky came here not only for personal control of his vast Nizhny Novgorod estate, but also for hunting. 112 peasant households (with 190 men) occupied the hills along the shores of Lake Vorsmenskoye and beyond the Kishma River. The peasants were engaged not only in arable farming and gardening, but also in crafts. Among them were the sheepskin maker Ignashka Ivanov, the malt worker, the tailor, the blacksmith Fedka Efimov and the carpenter Fedka Ondreev with his apprentice assistants. A special group in Vorsma in the years 1621-1623 consisted of 69 residential households of bobyli (there were 110 men in them), engaged exclusively in trades (beekeeping, hunting, fishing, cutting and selling timber, cooking black iron and burning charcoal), crafts and trade. In general, in Vorsma in 1623 there lived masters of all the main professions necessary to satisfy the needs of life in the village, as well as to serve the numerous travelers passing through it along the ancient Murom-Nizhny Novgorod road. The mass flight of Vorsmen residents from the new patrimonial land was noted immediately after the transfer of the village from K. Minin to boyar I. B. Cherkassky. It continued in subsequent years: six families fled from here in 1619, eighteen in 1620, 4 courtyards were abandoned in 1621. Somewhat apart, at the top of the Vorsma River, the ancient Borisoglebsky churchyard rose on the shore of the lake, the church of which was reported to be “timbered with a tent up, with a porch,” that is, it was a tented church common for large Nizhny Novgorod villages. Near the churchyard there were 5 courtyards of the church clergy and 13 cells of poor elders, about whom it was reported that they “fed from the Church of God,” that is, from the alms of the parish people and small works for the clergy. In total, in Vorsma in 1621-1623 there were 204 peasant-bobyl and clergy households (with 333 men), 36 cells (with 39 men) and 28 empty estates. It was a very large village in the Nizhny Novgorod region at that time. Vorsma became even larger in population, and most importantly in terms of the level of development of industries, by the middle of the 17th century. In 1646, there were already 181 peasant households (381 men in them). In addition to cultivating arable land for themselves and the boyar Y.K. Cherkassky, some of them continued to engage in crafts, mainly related to their economic activities - processing the products of their agricultural production. The leading group were carpenters. There were 7 masters, and together with their adult sons there were 11 people. The production of wooden household utensils was carried out by 2 sitniks and a bucket. Among the beans, 6 blacksmiths appeared (twenty years earlier there was one). If we take into account that some blacksmiths, like Spirka Efimov and Ondryushka Ivanov, had adult sons, then metalworking here really became one of the leading craft industries in the mid-17th century. Leather processing played an equally important role in Vorsma at that time. There were a sheepskin man, 4 shoemakers and 3 woolbeaters here. The processing of fabrics was carried out by 2 dyers, 3 sewers and 4 tailors. Luchka Gavrilov and Fedka Vasiliev treated their fellow countrymen with their ore-throwers (bloodletters). The latter had two sons, who also helped their father in collecting medicinal herbs and preparing healing infusions. Thus, the named ore throwers can be considered the first folk healers known in the history of Vorsma. In total, in the middle of the 17th century, 40 bobyls were engaged in crafts and trades here, and together with their sons - 52 people.

In 1646, buffoons lived in a special settlement in Vorsma. In 11 courtyards there were 18 “merry” houses at once. This is, perhaps, the only example in the history of Russia of the concentration in one village of such a significant group of buffoons, so beloved by the common people and hated by the clergy. Back in 1636, local priests complained to Patriarch Joseph that during Christmastide in winter, Nizhny Novgorod residents made “games in their houses and gathered in large numbers, men and wives, and played games of all kinds of demonic dreams... they put shaggy and bestial masks on their faces, and the same clothes..., and others beating tambourines and splashing and dancing... walking through the streets of the city and through the villages and villages, like the frenzy of a harlot.” The priests were even more indignant when the authorities of the Nizhny Novgorod Pechersk Monastery attracted buffoons to their patronal feast of the Ascension of Christ, to which not only the townspeople flocked, but also “bears with bears and dancing dogs, and buffoons and players with masks and shameful prodigal instruments: with tambourines.” and with surns." A unique 17th-century drawing of Russian buffoons by A. Olearius has been preserved, depicting not only the “players” (the guslar and the gudoshnik), a guide dressed in an “animal-like” skin - a bear, but also a puppet theater. We knew earlier about the existence of buffoons in Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the 17th century. Now, for the first time, we name their main residence - Vorsma, as well as the names of at least some of the “merry”: Ganka Konstantinov, Fomka Andreeva with his son Zinoveik, brothers Ulyanka and Titka Titov, Andryushka and Yanka Ivanov. Their life was not easy, although the buffoons served the festive boyar feasts during the visits to Vorsma of Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky, who was eager for jokes and fun. Unable to withstand the curses rained down on the heads of the buffoons from the local priests, the buffoon Fedka Martemyanov “wandered into obscurity” in 1664, and, according to the information of the village headman, “he did not have a wife or children,” and the “merry” yard was deserted for years. By 1646, special bobyl settlements, assigned to churches, stood near Nikolskaya (38 courtyards, with 66 men in them) and Borisoglebskaya (16 courtyards, with 26 men in them) churches, whose parishes had not only extensive arable land and hay reapings, but also free labor, and most importantly - a stable rent from their registered crops. By the middle of the 17th century, a very extensive boyar courtyard had emerged in Vorsma, consisting of numerous residential upper rooms, workshop chambers and economic services. He was served by 17 bonded people, who simultaneously cultivated the arable lands of the patrimonial landowner and served his family during their visit here. Thus, in the 17th century, Vorsma became a large patrimonial center with developed agriculture, trades and crafts. The number of residential households in 1646 reached almost four hundred (two centuries later, in 1863, there would be 420 households), so it would be more appropriate to call Vorsma at that time not a village, but a posad, especially after the transfer to the island of Lake Vorsmenskoye from Pavlov-on-Oka monastery A special mention should be made about the Trinity Ostrovoozersk Monastery, because the creator of its rare beauty ensemble in the 17th century was the outstanding Russian architect Pavel Sidorovich Potekhin. The buildings and ensembles he erected in Moscow, the Moscow region and the Nizhny Novgorod region remain the pride of Russian national culture.

Vorsma is a city in the Pavlovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region , near the Vorsma railway station.

The city is located on the banks of the Kishma River (a tributary of the Oka), 15 km southeast of the Vorsma railway station, 62 km southwest of Nizhny Novgorod. Documents from the 14th - 15th centuries mention the area and the Vorosma River; a name of Finno-Ugric origin, meaning "forest land". Since the 16th century it has been referred to as the village of Vorsma.

Among the local population, there is another, invented version of the origin of the name - that in the old days, mostly thieves lived here, and when one grandmother began to be robbed at night, she shouted that she was a thief herself - that’s where the name “Vorsama”, or Vorsma, came from. After the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to Kabardian Maria Temryukovna, her relatives received the princely title and they began to be called the princes of Cherkasy. For the pharmacy order, which was led by one of the princes of Cherkassy, ​​lands were allocated near Gorokhovets, and then around modern Pavlov and Vorsma. During the time of Vasily Shuisky and the Polish invasion, there were many people in Pavlovo and Vorsma who supported the Poles, helping them with weapons and people. In the battle of Vorsma, the Nizhny Novgorod militia completely defeated the Poles and their minions. In the “time of troubles”, Pavlovsk and Vorsma peasants, artisans, archers, living around the Mordovians and Cheremis, joined the troops of False Dmitry, creating their own formations. Government troops and the Nizhny Novgorod militia were deployed against them from Nizhny Novgorod. On December 10, 1608, a fierce battle took place near Vorsma. The rebel and Polish detachments were defeated, Vorsma was plundered and burned. The retreating rebel detachments were defeated on the outskirts of the village of Pavlovo.

For his civic feat and personal courage, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich awarded Kozma Minin the rank of Duma clerk, as well as the lands and lands of the village of Vorsma, and after the death of Minin and his son, this gift went to the royal treasury. The lands around Vorsma were infertile: solid clay and loam, and it was very difficult to feed on this land. This contributed to the development of Vorsma and Pavlov into a large iron processing industry. Swamp ores were discovered, which were smelted in small blast furnaces to produce steel. Leatherworking, soap-making and especially metalworking trades developed in Vorsma: the production of knives, scissors, surgical instruments, cutlery, and weapons.

Empress Catherine II, by her decree of September 7, 1761, in order to encourage the metalwork industry developing in Pavlov and Vorsma, freed these villages from permanent conscription, and granted the peasants the right to trade throughout the Russian Empire without special certificates.

By decree of Count P.B. Sheremetev, a locksmith factory was established in 1766 for the production of guns, knives, pliers, locks and other iron goods.

In 1810, Count Sheremetev donated 1,200 guns to Emperor Alexander I as a gift, and in 1813, for the war with the French, he donated another 2,000 guns and 1,500 sabers. In 1820, Ivan Gavrilovich Zavyalov, a serf of Count Sheremetev, opened his own business in Vorsma. In 1835, I.G. Zavyalov was granted by Nicholas II 5,000 rubles, a caftan with gold braid, and a medal with the inscription “For usefulness” to be worn on the Annensky ribbon. In 1843, he was awarded a large silver medal at the Manufacture Exhibition in Moscow, and in 1862 he received a medal at the World Exhibition in London “For excellent examples of steel cutlery products.”

During the Crimean War, the factory in Vorsm began production of a regimental medical surgical kit. In the 20s 17th century Based on the entrepreneurship of Prince Ivan Cherkassky, knives began to be produced in Vorsma - honey cutters, fishing knives, for raw materials workers, scythes, openers, sheep shears, toupee tongs, table knives and forks, Cossack folding knives. In 1745 The owner of Vorsma was the son of Peter's field marshal, Count Pyotr Sheremetev. By that time, there were already several large forges, metalwork shops, and tanneries. The founder of one of the first hand hammer steel factories was Nikon Nikolaevich Shmakov, a native of the serfs of Count Sheremetev, later a merchant of the 2nd guild of Gorbatovsky district - the pioneer of the production of folding knives in Russia.

In 1926, Vorsma was given the status of a village, and in 1955 - a city..

Starting from the 18th century, it became a significant center for leather, soap, and, in particular, metalworking industries. The production of knives, scissors, surgical instruments, cutlery, and bladed weapons made the city famous throughout the Russian Empire. On the basis of historically established enterprises, modern ones arose - a medical-instrumental plant and a folding knife plant.

THE PRIDE OF TODAY'S VORSMA IS THE MONASTERY

Those entering the city to the left of the highway are greeted by Lake Tuscany (a regional natural monument). On the island there is a monastery that operated in the 17th-19th centuries.

The history of the emergence and construction of the now restored ensemble of the Trinity Ostrovoezersk Monastery is a bright page in Nizhny Novgorod religious architecture of the 17th century. This monastery was built on one of the islands of Lake Vorsma near the village of Vorsma, Gorbatovsky district.

At first it was made of wood. In 1580, some of the monks moved to the island formed from the dam of the Kishma River from the village of Pavlova.

The organizer of the new monastery was the schema monk Macarius Vertonoguy. Over time, the monastery helped to establish a volost center of religious and administrative power in this area, since, obviously, this was the reason for the merger of several settlements located “on Vorosm” into one whole. Over the many years of its existence, the wooden buildings became very dilapidated, but even this did not survive - the monastery was plundered and burned by the Razinites. The restored buildings burned down again 15 years later, this time completely.

The news of the fire was brought to boyar Mikhail Yakovlevich Cherkassky by Abbot Yakim. And the boyar decided to build a new monastery in this place, this time a stone one, so that he himself would be able to hide from the tsar’s wrath if something happened. And on August 29, 1688, Pavel Sidorovich Potekhin (the flourishing of the so-called “pattern design” was associated with the name of this peasant - an architect from the village of Kadnitsy at that time), Abbot Yakim and from the Cherkasy Vorsmen office Afonasy Zhokhov concluded an agreement: “To do in the Nizhny Novgorod district in in the village of Vorsma on the island, stone work: “Sixty masons (not counting the hundreds of peasants driven from all the Nizhny Novgorod estates of the boyar of Cherkassy, ​​who carried out earthwork and other auxiliary work) worked on the island from sunrise to sunset, day after day, for two years.”

As is known, tsars and noble boyars exiled to such remote monasteries people of noble origin who were disliked by them, who were involved in one or another political intrigue (or for some other personal reasons).

There were no traces left of the presence of such exiles in the monastery. But there was still one left. The regional museum contains a book with an inscription on the side margin of the first page in brown ink: “Given to the house of the Most Holy Trinity of the Ostrovoezersk Monastery, in the village of Vorsma, in memory of the soul of Anna of Magdeburg in the summer of 7199, July on the 26th day of her burial.” How this lady, or perhaps princess, ended up in a rural monastery is still a mystery.

The first mention in documents of the Trinity Church near the village of Vorsma dates back to August 1640. When the blessing was given “On the construction on the island of the village of Vorsma, instead of the old church, again a church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, and a chapel for the appearance of the Kazan Most Pure Mother of God.” It began the formation of a complex of monastic wooden buildings, destroyed by a fire in 1687.

Since 1688 (especially intensively - from 1691 - 1692) with the support of Prince M.Ya. Cherkassky, the construction of the stone ensemble of the monastery began - three churches, cells and a wall with four towers, which was completed in 1698. The construction was headed by Pavel Sidorovich Potekhin, a famous Russian architect, a native of the Nizhny Novgorod province.

In the XVIII – XIX centuries. Ostrovoozersky Trinity Monastery had extensive land and fishing grounds, which it rented out.

The ensemble of the monastery turned out to be impressive. The main building with the holy arched gates, the gate church, crowned with a patterned bell tower, was facing south, towards the lake. The building had two symmetrical two-story wings with cells that smoothly turned into a high stone fence. This capital fence ended in two round towers at the corners. Similar towers stood on other corners of the monastery fence. On its northern side there was another entrance, an ordinary one, leading along a path to the crossing to the northern shore of the lake. There were three stone churches in the monastery: in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity, in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, and a church dedicated to the Monk Mikhail Malein, the mentor of St. Athanasius of Athos. The main shrines of the monastery were the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, which were presented to Macarius by Prince Cherkassy. The Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God, located in the church of St. Michael Malein, was also especially revered.

Over the course of three centuries, the Ostrovoezersk Monastery accumulated a rich library, which contained the most valuable ancient manuscripts, early printed books and parchment scrolls. The monks were engaged in vegetable growing and fishing. The island was decorated with a magnificent orchard, a park of oaks, lindens, lilacs, acacias and numerous flower beds.

The monastery was closed at the end of the 30s. Some of the valuable relics were taken away (their fate is unknown), the rest was burned. During the war and post-war times, a military unit was located here, and later a production facility and a pioneer camp. In the fifties, the monastery fence and two stone churches - Trinity and Kazan - were completely dismantled. Then, for many years, desolation reigned, and the monastery became a place for the extraction of bricks and gravel.

The only reminders of what was once a monastery on the island were the ruins of the fraternal building and the gate church of St. Michael Malein.

Once upon a time, the Trinity Ostrovoezersk Monastery amazed travelers with its inaccessibility and was perceived by contemporaries as a reliable fortress.

In 1923 the monastery was closed. Six years later, it was examined by a government commission, after which it was proposed to demolish the dilapidated buildings. All other destruction was completed by time and people. All that remained were the ruins of a very strong masonry by master Potekhin, which could not be destroyed.

Historical information : Ostrovoozersky Trinity Monastery, informal, communal, 18 versts from the district town of Gorbatov, near the village of Vorsma, in the middle of a lake on an island. The beginning of the monastery was laid in the second half of the 16th century by the schema monk Macarius, who labored here (who was buried in this monastery) with the assistance of Prince Boris of Cherkassy. In 1662, the monastery was restored by Prince Yakov of Cherkassy. The monastery houses the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God - a gift from Prince Boris of Cherkassy; with her she goes around the villages of the diocese. (From the book by S.V. Bulgakov “Russian monasteries in 1913.”)

Y.L.Shaboldin

About the construction of stone buildings in the monastery at the end of the 17th century. evidenced by copies of the charters of Prince M.Ya.Cherkassky, kept in the monastery, taken by Abbot Ephraim in 186.41 The first document is not dated and represents the so-called “handwritten painting of the structure” of Prince M.Ya.Cherkassky.42 The second document complements the first. This is a contract between M. Ya. Cherkassky and the village peasant. Kadnits43 Pavel Sidorovich Potekhin for the construction of stone buildings of the monastery.44 The contract is dated August 24, 7196 (1688). The text of these documents is well known to researchers. It was published as a whole in 1857 in “Monuments of Church Antiquities” by Archimandrite Macarius45 and then in 1938 with minor deletions from S.V. Bezsonov.46 Fragments of this text are often cited as illustrations of the principle of construction according to a model and the method of work architect of the late 17th century.

First of all, we are interested in that part of the document that reflects the progress of construction of the Ostrovoezersk Monastery. In the contract, Potekhin undertakes “to come to that stone work (...) in the current year one hundred and ninety-six (1688) and to do that stone work with the best skill.”47 But construction did not begin in the summer of 1691. In the order of M. Ya. Cherkassky to Afanasy Zhokhov on the procurement of materials, compiled on January 5, 1691,48 stipulated measures to survey the limestone deposits discovered near Vorsma, which were supposed to be used for foundations. The order ordered from the village of Kadnits “Pashka [Potekhin] and with him for testimony and a drawing and seasoning, as which article is more appropriate for the questioning and inspection of three people who know masons: Fedka Perfilyev, Fedka Alexandrov, Kuzemka Ingnatiev (...) taking, go to monastery" to inspect the white stone - "is it good for stone work" and "is it possible to build a stone wall on that shoal."49

There is also a direct indication in the text of the document about the start of construction: “And in the summer, build a church with a refectory and a cell and the front wall with a gate and above the gate a bell tower with a church and a fence that can be done.”50 This order of work is to first build a church with a refectory, with cells, gates and a bell tower above them, and then the cathedral temple, was also specified in the “painting of the structure.”51

Probably, before the start of construction, a drawing of future buildings was drawn up. The order ordered “to designate the entire monastery on paper with a measure and how the building should be opposite the drawing (...) and indicate on the drawing which place the ditches and buildings should be and which direction the fathoms will remain behind the building and for what purpose let it go beyond the building and that’s all to mean authentically, and even to look out for this not according to the old fence according to the present inspection as if it were proper and that the place that should be in the building and fence will be planted in the rim and having written and marked the drawing, write it and send the inventory and drawing after your inspection without wasting it.” .52 The order ended with the demand: “And with a drawing and a description, send the apprentice Pashka Potekhin to me in a hurry to Moscow, and tell him to order his comrades to prepare for the business, and get down to business and do it in the spring.”53

The appearance of the first stone monastery buildings in the summer of 1691 was noted in the next charter by M. Ya. Cherkassky.54 The text of the document lists the buildings begun by Potekhin: “And the living quarters, the glacier and the cellar were built under the warm church (...) And what in the current year 200 (1691-92) three hundred thousand bricks were made, and with those bricks the cells were started and on the gates the church and the bell tower and the spare chamber and the rest of the cells and the entire fence that was built.”55

But in 1692 P. Potekhin was removed from business. By order of M. Ya. Cherkassky, construction management was entrusted to F. Perfilyev:56 “in the current year 200 (1691) on [November] 16th day, I indicated the village of Vorsma in the Ostrovoezersk Holy Trinity Monastery in the buildings of the stone business to be an apprentice to a Kadnitsa mason Fedka Perfilyev, and with him Kuzemka Ignatiev as comrades, and the former apprentice Pashka Potekhin to be an apprentice to the Red Army because of his old age.”57

In the part of the order concerning the recruitment of masons for the new construction season (1692), with the resignation of Potekhin, it was ordered that seven more people of Kadnitsa masons be removed from work, “and instead of them take Sereshkin’s son Ivashk, Pashkin’s son Potekhin Stenka, and Boriska from the bobs in addition Mikhailov, Petrushka Ivanov, and Kadnitsa masons, who were actually in Moscow five people: Mikitka Ignatiev, Grishka Mikhailov, Marchka Andreeva, Isachka Andreeva, Ivashka Mikhailov, and from the villages of Bogorodskoye and Pavlov the same masons who were first taken and were on leave , in total, including the apprentice, sixty-one people; and with those people to build the above-mentioned works.”58

The same document made significant amendments to the “painting of the building” in 1688: “And according to my decree, it was established that the cathedral church should be made single-domed in a secret epanechny roof with drains drainage above the roof, contrary to the model indicated to him [Perfilyev] in Moscow”59 (emphasis added by me) - Ya. Sh.) (Initially, in the “painting of the structure”, the Toitsky church was supposed to be completed with a five-domed structure: “... the church is topped off like a cathedral, chapters and necks, and on the church there is decoration and windows and between the windows there are columns and doors and lockers like the Resurrection Reshotka in Kadashev church, in the red example, the five-domed one should be approved so that there is no leakage at all")

A comparison of the texts of the “painting” and the last charter of M.Ya. Cherkassky in the parts concerning the appearance of the Trinity Cathedral gives reason to assume that in 1691 the architect was oriented towards a different model than in 1688. In any case, this can be stated with complete confidence regarding the composition of the cathedral entrances. Previously, according to the “painting of the structure”, Potekhin had to make “three doors to the church with lockers such as those in Kadashev at the Resurrection Lattice.”61 By order of 1691, the new contractor F. Perfilyev was ordered to “build lockers for the cathedral church against the Chudovsky Shoots and cover it with a secret roof with a slatted roof with lifting walls”62 (emphasis added by me - Ya. Sh.). Probably, in this case we are talking about the Church of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in the Moscow Kremlin. This church, by the way, was single-domed, so there is every reason to believe that it was this church that was indicated to the apprentice as a model for repeating its forms of completion at the Trinity Cathedral. Following the instruction “to make the cathedral church one-domed”, the text of the letter is followed by a more radical demand: “to remodel and remove the zakamar from the warm church that was built, because there will be a leak from the zakamar.”63 This remark refers to the building of the Kazan Church, the construction of which in the summer 1691 was carried out under the leadership of P. Potekhin.

The charters of M.Ya. Cherkassky provide information not only about the time of the beginning of the construction of the stone buildings of the monastery. Based on the text of the charters, it is possible to establish the share of participation of each architect in the construction of a particular building. It is obvious that the division of the island's territory for the construction of all buildings and structures of the monastery was carried out under the leadership of P. Potekhin. He also started the fraternal and abbot's cells, as well as the holy gate between them with the gate church of Mikhail Malein. The Kazan Church was also built by Potekhin, but as noted above, its crowning parts were redone by F. Perfilyev. The completion of the buildings begun in 1691 was carried out under the supervision of Perfilyev. He also played the main role in the construction of the Trinity Cathedral.

Information about the dates of completion of the construction of stone monastery buildings is provided by materials from inventories of church property of the 19th century. According to the instructions of the inventory of 1859, the construction of a warm church in the name of the Appearance of the Icon of the Kazan Mother of God was completed first - in 1694.64 The Gate Church of Mikhail Malein was completed in 1695-96. The inventory of the church altar of 1806 mentions “an antimension on a white canvas with the insertion of holy relics, celebrated in the year 7204 (1695-96) (...) under Patriarch (...) Adrian, Metropolitan Paul (...) of Nizhny Novgorod and Alator.”65 The latter Trinity Cathedral was built. The inventory of 1806 says about it: “the cathedral church (...) stone, cold, without aisles, consecrated in 7202 (1699) ...".66 Materials from archival sources, unfortunately, do not allow us to judge the time of completion of other monastery buildings. One can only assume that all construction work in the monastery was completed by the beginning of the 18th century.

The monastery was abolished in the 1930s; in the 1950s, the monastery fence was completely dismantled and two stone churches - Trinity and Kazan - were destroyed. Only the dilapidated fraternal building, fragments of the fence and the gate church of Mikhail Malein have survived. In 1995, the remains of the monastery buildings and the island were taken under state protection

Historical figures who influenced the development of Vorsma:

1. Ivan the Terrible 2. Vasily Shuisky 3. False Dmitry 4. Kozma Minin 5. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich

1. Catherine the Great 7. Count Sheremetev 8. Alexander I 9. Nicholas II

In 2007, the proposed revival of the monastery was announced. On April 16, 2007, the first prayer service was held on the site of the monastery. One of the fence towers, which housed the chapel, was restored.

On July 3, 2008, Archbishop Georgy of Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas signed an order for “nun Joseph (Egasova) to take care of the reviving monastery,” and also blessed to accept sisters who wish to join the women’s community at the monastery.[3] A house was rented for the sisters to live near the monastery.[3] Work was underway to develop design documentation.

On December 30, 2008, Archbishop George consecrated the first sisters' cells, located in a small two-story wooden building next to the monastery complex.

On May 31, 2009, Archbishop George gave his blessing to perform prayer services with an akathist at the monastery three times a week. On July 23, on the day of the Transfer of the Robe of the Lord to Moscow, the first Liturgy is planned to be held in the restored church.

On June 7, 2009, on the Day of the Holy Trinity, the first prayer service was held on the site of the Trinity Church, which was completely destroyed, and the day before, a worship cross was installed on the site of the altar.

The restored gate church in the name of St. Mikhail Malein. February 2010

On December 31, 2009, the restored church was consecrated in honor of St. Michael Malein.

In January 2010, specialists from the “Ark” workshop completed work on icons for the iconostasis of the gate church in the name of St. Michael Malein. The iconostasis is made in the Russian style of the 15th century, the icons are on gold backgrounds, coupled with tyablo carvings. Installation of the finished iconostasis is planned for spring. The workshop workers also plan to begin painting the temple in the monastery with the onset of warmer weather. Volunteers from the Moscow association “Restavros” carried out preparatory work: they transported building materials to the island and cleared the territory. The administration of the Pavlovsk district organized the repair of the bridge across the lake.

At the beginning of 2010, there were two nuns living in the monastery: nun Joseph and her assistant Galina.

In the spring of 2010, construction of a bell tower began above the church in honor of St. Michael Malein, which will become the highest point of the monastery. At the same time, restoration of the Trinity Cathedral began. On June 28, Archbishop George performed a prayer service and the ceremony of laying the first stone in the foundation of the cathedral in the church under construction. The consecration of the cross on the dome of the Trinity Cathedral took place on November 3, 2010.

During his visit on June 30, 2011, Archbishop George consecrated the worship cross installed at the entrance to the monastery. On the shore of the lake, a small chapel with an icon of the Mother of God “Economissa” was consecrated.

On August 12, Archbishop George held a meeting in the monastery at which the completion dates for the construction of the Trinity Cathedral were determined and the work schedule for the reconstruction of the cell building was approved, as well as the issue of energy supply to the monastery. The issue of restoring the St. Nicholas Church in Vorsm was also considered.

On September 18, 2011, the first Divine Liturgy took place in the restored Trinity Cathedral, after which the remains of the founder of the monastery, Schemamonk Macarius, were reburied. Concelebrating with Archbishop Georgy was Bishop Kirill of Stavropol and Nevinnomyssk.

On June 4, 2012, Bishop Varnava (Baranov) of Vyksa and Pavlovsk performed the ceremony of laying the foundation of a church in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

The revival of the Vorsmensky monastery continues.

Go to Vorsma and end up in Karelia - a trip to three picturesque lakes

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Not far from Nizhny Novgorod there are unique natural landscapes, traveling through which you feel like you are anywhere, but not close to home. Mysterious turquoise lakes, cornflower fields, berry forests and mountains - all this is the Pavlovsky district. And here, in semi-wild conditions, you feel like a real original tourist. True, in a good car. In this article I will talk about three picturesque reservoirs located near Vorsma, where it is pleasant to go on a hot summer day.

We went on a trip to the Vorsmensky Lakes in a Kia Sportage, which was kindly provided for a test drive by the Center Company, Kia on Komsomolskoe Highway. Before handing me the keys to the test car, the dealership asked me not to drive particularly off-road; after all, the Sportage is a crossover, not an SUV. But driving on flat roads is boring (may the Kia auto center forgive me) and we broke our promise a little. Fortunately, the car not only did not disappoint, but even made me very happy. But first things first.

Lake in the village of Teryaevo

This is the closest to the regional center, the most conveniently located and pleasant warm lake with a sandy shore.

You can get from the center of Nizhny Novgorod to the village of Teryaevo by car without traffic jams in just over an hour. On one side the lake is surrounded by birch groves, on the other there is a field, and nearby there is a forest with mushrooms and berries.

It’s nice to just spend the day here, swimming and sunbathing, reading a book in the shade of birch trees and frying meat or potatoes over a fire. Or you can stay overnight with a tent, listening to the singing of crickets at sunset and watching the starry sky.

The lake is located 200 meters from the highway, you can get to it by any car. The easiest way is to go to the village of Teryaevo, drive deep into it and go out into the field. The dirt road itself will lead you to the reservoir. This place also has incredible cornflower fields.

Photos do not convey the full charm of these delicate flowers; the blue haze attracts the eye, it is impossible to pass by without taking a photo. Well, pick a bouquet for home. By the way, tea with cornflower is very tasty.

Verdict: the lake in Teryaevo is good in all respects - close, easy entry into the water, there are cozy groves for relaxing with tents. I will definitely come here for an overnight stay.

Lake Klyuchik (Doskinskoye Holy)

About three kilometers from Vorsma there is a unique lake, Klyuchik, which is also called Doskinskoe Saint. Getting to it turned out to be more difficult than getting to the first lake in the village of Teryaevo. To find Klyuchik, you need to drive through fields and not very smooth dirt roads. In one place you need to climb a small hill, our Sportage coped with this task, but a passenger car definitely won’t pass. And if it rains, it will be a little difficult for the crossover. The only way out is to leave the car and walk for about 10 minutes.

The main feature of this lake is its unusual turquoise color; some jokingly compare Klyuchik to the Maldives. As we found out, the color of the water here is due to the large amount of sulfates. The water blooms in some places, but where the underwater springs flow, the lake is mirror-like.

This lake is very popular among divers, as its depth reaches 14 meters and the water temperature is always about +6 degrees. This scary bungee for particularly daring extreme sports enthusiasts is built on coastal birches.

We approached Klyuchik from only one side - from the high side, but there are also entries into the water below. The banks are strewn with wildflowers, the aromas here are amazing.

Verdict: the place is very picturesque, it’s interesting to come here to relax, and just getting to the lake is an interesting adventure. But I probably wouldn’t risk swimming in Klyuchik.

Lake Proval (Red)

The next point on our route list were two lakes Proval and Goreloye, which are located almost a few tens of meters from each other. But we never saw Goreloye, because during a picnic near Proval we were bitten by horseflies and decided to feel sorry for ourselves a little.

But I can say with confidence that the view that opened up to me from this hill covered all possible troubles with insects. Looking at these photographs, I think you will understand why I remembered Karelia in the title of the article. We did not go down to the water, since it was problematic to do so. The dirt road that leads to these parts from Grudtsyno is very difficult and cannot be passed by a low car. And several winding paths lead through the field at once, so it took us quite a long and exciting time to get here. But the local landscapes are worth all the effort. In addition, these places can well be called wild, since the lakes are located far from populated areas, and we did not meet a single car along the way.

The lake has a very interesting island in the middle. I was not able to check the water and the shore at Proval, since the road led through the very top, and in order to go down, we had to wander a little more off-road, but we were no longer strong enough for that.

And, perhaps, the most enjoyable thing about all trips is a picnic. A picnic with a beautiful view is doubly enjoyable.

Of course, this view leaves indelible impressions on the heart. This is a real diamond hidden in the wild nature of the Nizhny Novgorod region. And let me remind you that this is a maximum of one and a half hours drive from Nizhny Novgorod.

Verdict: you can’t go to this lake just to swim. It seems to me that these places are for travelers, romantics who do not like to sit at home, but are eager to discover new amazing secrets in their native lands.

And on the way back to Nizhny Novgorod we stopped at the famous Vorsma Lake Tuscanka. This is a real calling card of these places. They say that the lake was named so by the Italians, who came here and noted the similarity of the local landscapes with Tuscany. Here in the summer the “Russian Tuscany” festival takes place, guests are taken on boats and entertained with all sorts of native Russian amusements.

I will remember this trip for a long time; the weekend route was a success and even exceeded all expectations. And thanks to the convenient Kia Sportage, it also turned out to be very comfortable. I have given verdicts to three lakes, and now I will give verdicts to the test car. As always - from the point of view of a simple layman.

Pros: spacious interior, many sophisticated cool features - wireless phone charging, several USB connectors, rain sensor, illuminated door handles. Seat ventilation is a special favorite: leather seats with holes through which pleasant coolness flows. It's incredibly relevant in the summer and brings warmth to your butt in the winter. I have already noted the cross-country ability in difficult conditions, it handles well uphill, and overall comfort behind the wheel.

Cons: I didn’t immediately figure out the control panel, I racked my brains over how to switch radio stations and adjust the volume on the steering wheel. Instead of the usual buttons, there are unusual switches. Well, it’s still a pity to drive such a car off-road, even though it is quite passable.

Verdict: a good car for travel, including family travel.

I really hope that the article was useful and interesting for you. I just ask you to take care of nature and take out all the trash with you!

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