Population of the Khabarovsk Territory: number, density, ethnic composition

For other places with the same name, see Komsomolsk.

City in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia

Komsomolsk-on-Amur

(Russian: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, tr. Komsomolsk-on-Amur, IPA: [kəmsɐˈmolʲsk nɐɐˈmurʲə]) is a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the western bank of the Amur River in Russia. Far East . It is located on the Baikal-Amur Mainline, 356 km northeast of Khabarovsk. As of 2010, its population was 263,906 (2010 census); [3] 281,035 (2002 census); [11] 315,325 (1989 Census). [12]

History[edit]

Street in Komsomolsk-on-Amur

The future city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, becoming part of the Mongol Empire under the Mongol Yuan dynasty, and later the Manchus, held until 1858 by the Treaty of Aigun, ceded the territory to the Russian Empire.

The village of Perm (Permskaya) was created on a later site of Komsomolsk in 1860 by working peasants from what is now Perm Krai.

The government of the RSFSR announced in 1931 plans to build a shipyard on the Amur on the present site of Komsomolsk, with construction beginning in 1932 [ edit

] The city was mainly built using the labor of volunteers from the communist youth organization Komsomol, thus receiving the name Komsomolsk.
However, the construction of the city was helped by convict laborers from the camps located in the area. [13] The suffix on Amur
was added to distinguish it from other cities with the same name.
It received city status in 1933[ edit
]

By the late 1940s, shipyards and other heavy industries were built. The city has developed into a regional center for industries such as aircraft manufacturing, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, oil refining and shipbuilding. Currently, Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the main production center for Sukhoi military aircraft and the Sukhoi Superjet airliner. [14] The MiG-15bis [15] and Lizunov Li-2 [16] were both manufactured in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

History of Komsomolsk-on-Amur

History of the construction of Komsomolsk-on-Amur

Population - 246.6 thousand people (as of 01/01/2019) Occupied area - 325 sq. km.
The distance from Moscow by rail is 8825 km. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is located on the left bank of the largest Far Eastern river, 360 km northeast of Khabarovsk. Surrounded by a ridge of high hills, the city seemed to freeze among the frozen waves of a raging stone ocean. In the west, the peaks of the Miaochang and Badjal ridges are visible. In the east there are hills - spurs of the Sikhote-Alin. The name of these mountains comes from the Nanai words “sikhte, sikte” - needles, spruce and “alin” - mountain range.

A tributary of the Amur, the small mountain river Silinka divides the city into two parts - “The City” and Dzyomgi (this is the name of the vast industrial zone). Nowadays these are the Central and Leninsky administrative districts. They are connected by the longest highway in the city, which is about 7 km long - Komsomolskoye Highway. Built for the fifth anniversary of the city, at first it was a dirt road with a wooden bridge over the Silinka. 20 years later, the first reinforced concrete bridge was built. Nowadays, the main highway has the most intense traffic in the city.

The city stretches along the Amur for more than 30 km. Its façade faces the river, the width of its bed within the city reaches 2.5 km.

The city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur was formed in 1932 from the village of Perm (founded in 1860) in accordance with the Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1932 “On the transformation of the village of Perm, Nizhnetambovsky district of the Far Eastern Territory into the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.” June 12 is considered the city day.

The construction of the city was determined by the need to build shipbuilding and aircraft factories - outposts of the defense industry of the Far East.

Perm village

Expedition of the explorer of the Amur region, navigator scientist, Admiral G.I. Nevelsky on the barque “Baikal” in 1849 for the first time documented that the Amur River is navigable, has access to the Pacific Ocean and, as a strategic artery, is of great importance for Russia. G.I. Nevelskoy was the first to propose the creation of several posts (“machines”) on the Amur. Finally, in 1857, a special commission was created and was tasked with developing a plan for the creation of Russian villages on the Amur. The campaign was led by topographer Budogossky. The commission studied the latest descriptions of the Amur River and paid attention to the notes of the remarkable Russian scientist N. N. Maksimovich, the founder of Far Eastern botany. In one of the notes, Maksimovich expressed the idea that a Russian settlement could be created in the area of ​​the Nanai camp of Mylki.

Budogossky described the advantage of this place in the plan as follows: “Here the slopes of the mountainous coast are gentle, the ground soil is black soil, the nearest places are overgrown with firewood, which is easier to cut down; Although the timber is six miles away, there is a lot of timber on the opposite bank of the river, which flows in its own bed; the bank here is deep, ships can moor to it.”

Budogossky's plan was approved by Muravyov-Amursky.

Here is what was written then on the issue of settlement of the Amur region by Russian peasants: “The amount is 100 thousand rubles. The committee and the Minister of Finance agreed to release from the state treasury annually and, moreover, exclusively for the settlement of the Amur region. It was decided to start this vacation in 1859...Ministry of State. property proposed to resettle to the Amur in 1859: 300 families from the Vyatka province; 200 from Permskaya; 50 from Tambov and 50 from Voronezh, a total of 600 families. The Siberian Committee allocated 100 thousand rubles for the placement and travel of these settlers. In addition, 200 families from the Perm province and 200 from the Vyatka province, intended by the ministry for resettlement to the Yenisei province, were sent by the greatest command of December 25, 1859 to the Amur region.”

In the spring of 1860, the first military governor of the Amur region, Pavel Kazakevich (a friend and associate of Nevelskoy), sent a group of his soldiers up the Amur and ordered them to cut down the forest and erect the first log houses for the settlement of Russian peasants in those places where the pillars were driven in. So in June-July 1860, log buildings were prepared for the future village of Perm-on-Amur.

Only at the very beginning of August did the peasant migrants arrive with their belongings, horses and cows in Khabarovsk; Here they cast lots for where to settle. A group of immigrants from the Perm province fell to settle near the Nanai village of Mylki and the Togda stream.

The founding of the village of Perm-on-Amur is considered to be August 1860. Later, peasants from other provinces began to arrive here. From 1859 to 1862, the resettlement of peasants was carried out at public expense. At the same time, as a rule, wealthy peasants, more or less independent and proactive, set off on long journeys. On average, the government gave 60 rubles to a family of six people, although 5-6 times more was required for housing. After the abolition of serfdom, anyone could settle on the Amur.

In the “Geographical-static dictionary of the Amur and Primorsky regions with the inclusion of some points from neighboring countries,” compiled by the teacher of the Blagoveshchensk male gymnasium A. Kirillov and published in 1894 on page 316, it was said about the village of Perm: “Perm village of the Primorsky region, Sofia district, on the left bank of the Amur, 352.5 versts below Khabarovka and 266 above Sofiysk, founded by settlers from the Perm province in 1860; in 1888 it included: a chapel in the name of the Holy Prophet Elijah, 26 courtyards and 78 male and 82 female residents. Occupations of the residents: collecting firewood for steamships, postal chasing, fishing and, to a small extent, agriculture, the development of which is hampered by the lack of land for agriculture.”

On the land reclaimed from the forest, the first settlers tried to sow grain, just as they sowed it in their homeland beyond the Ural ridge. However, farming soon had to be abandoned. Natural conditions did not allow for a good harvest, so they had to learn a new craft. The Amur was already at that time the largest and only transport artery in those places. Communications along the Amur did not stop in winter: they rode sleighs along the frozen river. Amur Perm residents began to harvest firewood for the shipping company. Firewood was cut in winter and loaded onto barges in summer. In addition to collecting firewood, residents were engaged in cartage. They carried letters, government papers, passengers, and various cargoes. Trade was brisk, especially with the Japanese. Merchants from the Land of the Rising Sun brought almost everything: clothes, shoes, fabrics, food... In the Amur village they lived better than in the provinces of Central Russia. In the houses of the peasants there was complete prosperity: Japanese furniture, dishes in the kitchen cabinet, each family member had his own spoon and plate.

The first and only land plan for the village. Permsky was carried out by the district surveyor Porotov in 1897. The layout of the village was a chain of one-story wooden residential buildings along the only road from Orlotovskoye (Big Silinsky) Lake to Lake Mylki. There were glaciers right next to the shore, behind the houses there were vegetable gardens, and further away there was taiga.

The street of the village of Perm was closed on one side by a hill with a cemetery (Emergency Hill), on the other side by a square in front of the wooden Church of the Holy Prophet Elijah, built in 1909. The tall and picturesque volume of the church determined the silhouette and panorama of the village, which for the most part consisted of one-story wooden manor buildings of the same type.

Already according to the 1915 census, 291 people lived in Perm, the main industries in the village were fishing, hunting, and forestry. Before the revolution, the richest grain store was located in Perm, along with this store there was also private trade with Chinese and Russian merchants. Postal and passenger communication was carried out along the Amur, and steamships Khabarovsk-Nikolaevsk-on-Amur sailed regularly. The ships did not stop in Perm; communication was carried out through larger villages - Voznesenovka and Nizhnyaya Tambovka. Downstream of the Amur in the village of Dzemgi there was a small Nanai camp.

The village of Perm gradually developed and was built up according to a linear settlement scheme and by 1932 there were 49 courtyards, where 360 ​​residents lived. When the first builders landed here, they saw good-quality huts, strong outbuildings, and small vegetable gardens. Buildings built before 1932 have not survived.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur. History of construction

In the early 1930s, special attention of the USSR Government was paid to the defense capability of the country, including the Far East. In 1930, at the XVI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a course was announced for the industrialization of the Far Eastern Territory, and on February 20, 1930, the All-Union Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a special resolution on the economic and cultural development of the Far East. The first goal was the construction of a shipyard to strengthen the base of the Pacific Fleet. Initially, on August 31, 1931, the Council of Labor and Defense determined a location for the shipyard at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers near the village of Nizhne-Voronezh, 14 kilometers from Khabarovsk.

In November 1931, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee K.E. Voroshilov turned to the chief engineer of Magnitostroy, Joseph Abramovich Kattel, with a request to take the position of head of the construction of a new industrial center in the Far East. In January 1932, Joseph Abramovich founded a representative office of Dalpromstroy in Moscow and began recruiting people for the labor landing team. In early February, a train with the first group of builders left the Yaroslavl station. This was, in fact, the first headquarters of the upcoming construction. Quite unexpectedly, near Chita, I.A. Kattel received a government telegram in which it was proposed to move the construction towards Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, no closer than four hundred kilometers from Khabarovsk. The telegram was signed by Stalin. Japan's capture of Manchuria made us think about moving the construction site away from the border.

The most important issue, of course, was the question of choosing a site for construction. Of course, the previously chosen site in the village of Voronezh, not far from a large city with developed infrastructure, was preferable, but it was very close to the border, where border incidents became more frequent. After arriving in Khabarovsk, Kattel immediately met with Ya.B. Gamarnik, appointed chairman of the commission for selecting a new site for construction. The commission also included: Secretary of the Far Eastern Regional Committee S. A. Bergavinov, shipbuilding specialist Goinkis, flagship Muklevich and I. Kattel.

The determining factor when changing the construction site and the purpose of the new site is in the village. Perm, was that, firstly, the village was located 400 kilometers from the border with China (the maximum possible flight range of Japanese aircraft) and secondly, back in 1910, engineer O.P. Vyazemsky carried out the so-called Nikolaevsky project, which provided for the construction of a strategic railway from Urusha station to the Imperial Harbor (Sovetskaya Gavan) through the village of Perm-on-Amur. It was planned to build artillery and shipbuilding factories here. The revolution did not allow this project to be implemented, and they returned to it in Soviet times.

In January 1932, the Council of Labor and Defense decided to build a railway line from the Urusha station of the Trans-Baikal Railway to the village of Perm, and on February 23, a government commission headed by Ya.B. Gamarnik decides to build defense factories (shipbuilding, and in April - aircraft manufacturing) in the area of ​​​​the village of Perm. By order of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry dated 03/05/1932 No. 87, an expeditionary detachment of Dalpromstroy of 30 people was sent to the village of Perm with the aim of preparing housing for future builders. They built several barracks and a bakery.

Despite the fact that Kattel had experience of large construction projects, he had to solve many things for the first time. First of all, a new master plan was needed for the new site. To solve this problem, Kattel invites one of the leading leaders of design institutes in Leningrad, Vladimir Poluektovich Kostenko, to Khabarovsk. The arriving group of specialists made the necessary calculations for construction.

The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Central Committee of the Komsomol in March 1932 announced mobilization for the construction of the future city. The flow of young builders who responded to the call of the Komsomol Central Committee was increasing. Whole trains with people from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Krasnodar, Ukraine, and the Caucasus arrived in Khabarovsk.

On May 6, 1932, a small flotilla departed from Khabarovsk down the Amur: the steamer Comintern, with a barge in tow - the former floating holiday home Clara Zetkin, and the steamer Columbus in its wake. On the fifth day, May 10, the dark huts of Perm appeared through the fog. On May 10, 1932, about 900 first builders arrived at the village of Perm on the steamships Columbus and Comintern. 147 people arrived at the site of the future aircraft factory, at the Nanai camp of Dzemgi on the steamship “Captain Karpenko”.

According to the decision of the Komsomol Central Committee, six thousand Komsomol members should be mobilized for construction. To this we must add the forks of the organizational recruitment carried out. It was necessary to resettle people somewhere. The housing was not prepared for the arrival of the builders. Construction had to start from scratch, from scratch. The available 49 peasant houses in the village of Perm could only accommodate a small part of the people who arrived, so the construction of temporary housing began on the very first day. They became dugouts, canvas tents, barracks woven from bushes, huts, and soon a whole “dig city” appeared. There were no roads, the construction of huts was carried out by bringing all the material from the river and forest by hand. On August 15, 1932, for construction there was only an unapproved version of the plant’s master plan without dimensions in the drawing and reference to the location.

The first builders of the city had to endure a lot. They lived in dugouts, tents and huts, blown by the strong Amur wind, worked knee-deep in water, received food on meager rations, and endured scurvy. But they had that heroic character, the readiness for work and hardships with which the Far East had long lived, there were dreams of a beautiful city, the romance of youth, and self-confidence.

In those glorious years, unforgettable years, everything was for the first time. The first clearing, which became the first street, the first cinema and the first factory whistle. Already in November 1932, the newspaper “Amursky Drummer” reported: “A workers’ settlement of 69 barracks was built on the banks of the Amur, providing housing for 6 thousand people. A timber mill and a mechanical plant are operating, and warehouses have been built. As a gift to October, we give shock work to a cinema, a power plant, a radiotelephone, a hospital, a clinic, a bakery, a bathhouse.”

On December 10, 1932, by resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, the village of Perm was renamed Komsomolsk-on-Amur and it was given the status of a city.

The construction of the city began with the construction of two factories, which bore different names at different times. The shipyard was initially called “Dalpromstroy”, later – construction site No. 199, then as the Leninsky Komsomol shipyard (now the Amur Shipyard). The aircraft plant at the beginning had the name machine-building, then - construction No. 126, then - the aircraft manufacturing plant named after Yu. A. Gagarin (now the official name of the enterprise is a branch of PJSC "KnAAZ named after Yu. A. Gagarin", founded on June 18, 1934. ). Factories were built simultaneously in two different places: a shipbuilding plant near the village of Perm (Pravosilsky district), an aircraft manufacturing plant on the site of the Nanai camp Dzemgi (Levosilinsky district).

According to the agreement, all design work was to be completed by March 1933. The first developer of the project for the Amur Shipyard village was the architect N. M. Protopopov - Bylyev. This was the first architect to design Komsomolsk-on-Amur from 1932 to 1937.

Initially, a site for the construction of an aircraft plant was prepared on the banks of the Amur, but it was flooded. The construction site was moved deep into the taiga, where a dirt road was built from Amur to the present street. Ural. The factory construction site began to be called “Dzemgi”. The sites were separated by the Silinka River, which flows into the Amur. The distance between them was approximately 12 kilometers.

The question of securing personnel at the construction site became acute. Not everyone could withstand the harsh working and living conditions, and young people, unfortunately, began to leave the construction site. Administrative measures were powerless. It was necessary to look for new ways to help retain personnel. On July 28, 1932, the newspaper “Amursky Shocked” published appeals from the Bochkarev and Igretsov teams about self-assignment to the construction site before the launch of the shipyard. The Party Committee and the Komsomol Committee of Dalpromstroy approved this initiative. On September 26, 1932, a “red list” was established on the pages of the same newspaper, which included those workers and specialists who decided not to leave their jobs until the completion of the plant’s construction. The movement to secure personnel, begun on the initiative of Komsomol workers, turned into a general workers' movement. On November 10, 1932, 2,390 workers and 114 engineering and technical workers were employed before the plant was put into operation. The mass departure of workers from construction sites has noticeably decreased. Five years after the launch of the shipyard, it was noted that among the original builders, over four thousand people worked here; they fell in love with their city and became its permanent residents.

On July 1, 1933, the bureau of the Far Eastern Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks heard a report from the head of construction of the shipbuilding plant I.A. Kattel about readiness to start industrial construction. By this time, a sawmill, mechanical workshops, and a lime plant were built and operating. Over 6 thousand workers were employed in construction.

On June 12, 1933, the first stone of the shipbuilding plant was laid in a solemn ceremony. The celebration was attended by the secretary of the Far Eastern Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) P.M. Tanygin, commander of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army V.K. Blucher and with them a thousand Red Navy men. It was on this day, June 12, that they began to celebrate the city day.

By the end of 1933, 255 hectares of taiga had been uprooted and 20 kilometers of roads had been built. Komsomolsk-on-Amur consisted of separate villages, islands of adobe barracks and huts, scattered in a heavily thinned swampy taiga. The villages were connected by footpaths and dirt roads. People's rumor gave them the characteristic name "Kattelgrad" (or "Ilyich's Huts") after the first director of "Dalpromstroy" Joseph Kattel, who initiated the construction of "temporary huts". But even such housing was sorely lacking, there was no one to build it, all efforts were devoted to the construction of factories. It was impossible to invite new builders, because there was nowhere to house them. The expectation of rapid implementation of the industrial program did not materialize, and government interest in construction temporarily decreased.

Somewhat later, on July 18, 1934, the foundation stone of another industrial giant took place - an aircraft plant. The first aircraft rolled out of the workshops of this plant already in 1936. It was the R-6 reconnaissance aircraft designed by Andrei Tupolev. Another model that began to be developed at the plant was the DB-3 long-range bomber from the Ilyushin design bureau. For its time it was a fast and modern car. Already during the Second World War, the bomber and its modification “IL-4” became legends. In the first half of 1941, the plant produced 82 aircraft, and in the second half of the year - 303.

The year 1933 was ending - the second year of construction of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. But the results did not satisfy the government. Then the government decided to create a Special Military Construction Corps in the fall of 1933, which was faced with two tasks: to build industrial enterprises in the Far East and to improve combat training in order to be prepared for any surprises. For seven weeks, the first brigade of 6 thousand military construction workers traveled from Khabarovsk to Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In incredibly difficult conditions, they skied 400 kilometers on ice hummocks. Every day the soldiers walked 25-30 km. People were very tired, but nothing could stop them - neither forty-degree frosts, nor snow storms, they stubbornly moved towards their goal. The Red Army soldiers made a great contribution to the construction of the city: they built shipbuilding, aviation, and metallurgical plants, and residential blocks, built a power plant, and a bakery. The buildings they built still continue to serve people and decorate the central streets of the city with their architecture. Let's name some of them: the first three-story stone building of school No. 1 (now a pedagogical university), the beautiful building of the city bathhouse on Kirov Street, built in just 3.5 months, and many others. The ice crossing of the Special Corps remained in the history of Komsomolsk as a vivid manifestation of the courage of the soldiers and commanders of the Red Army and received the historical name “ice crossing”.

In 1934, near the shipyard docks under construction on the banks of the Amur River, the “Emergency” settlement arose, consisting of three dozen stone and wooden cottages and wooden 12-apartment buildings. In the same year, the Komsomolsky barracks settlement was completed, and the Pozharny settlement was built next to it. By 1935 New settlements began to appear on the banks of the Amur and in other places - “ITRovsky”, “Cottage”, “Kommunstroy”, “Barachny”, “Kopai-Gorod”, and individual buildings in the private sector. The Udarnik club, a bathhouse, and a hospital were put into operation. The first residential development, which was carried out according to specially developed projects, in capital structures appeared in the Levosilinsky district in “Dzemgi”.

At the beginning of 1934, according to the master plan of Promstroyproekt, comprehensive construction of the city’s first residential quarter began. All houses were built from timber, which is why the village was called “Bruschatka”. The complex included a canteen, a store, a kindergarten, a club and a boiler room, which provided the first central heating. For the first time in the city, comprehensive landscaping was carried out in the village of Bruschatka; wooden sidewalks have been built.

The city's housing problem was largely resolved through individual construction. The Dalpromstroy architects Krivitsky, Molotshev and Berdin held a competition for the best design of an individual house. From 1937 to 1941, such large estate development areas as the villages of Mylki, 4th Silinsky, Amurstalevsky and Maysky arose. Not far from the aircraft manufacturing plant, a settlement of industrial settlers grew up, which is now called Pobeda.

The city gradually grew, became covered with a network of roads, both dirt and narrow-gauge railways, and new sites were allocated for large industrial enterprises. The construction of a railway to Khabarovsk began with the help of Gulag prisoners.

In 1936, the rest of the military construction corps arrived in Komsomolsk under the command of Rudnev B.N. Dalpromstroy, who led the construction of the city until 1936, was liquidated and construction was entrusted to the military construction corps on a contract basis.

Later, construction trust No. 6 was organized on the basis of the military construction corps. Construction sites and auxiliary enterprises staffed by civilian workers and employees, as well as part of the engineering and technical staff of the Dalpromstroy management, were transferred to the corps. Thus, a powerful construction organization was created, capable of carrying out broader tasks. Thus began a new period in the construction of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The city's population grew every year. In 1932 it numbered 6 thousand people, and in 1937 - more than 60 thousand. The main categories of builders were Komsomol members of the first (1932) and second (1934) conscriptions, recruits, industrial settlers, “khetagurovka” girls, soldiers of the Special Construction Corps and prisoners.

The pre-war four years can be called perhaps the most turbulent in the construction of Komsomolsk. And the warrior-builders of the corps played a decisive role in this.

In the spring of 1937, Komsomolsk was a huge construction site. Only here and there were three-story brick houses; for the most part, it was still a wooden city. In 1937, construction of residential buildings and cultural and community buildings began on a broad front. During the four pre-war years, several schools were built in Komsomolsk. A beautiful bathhouse appeared in the city, and with the construction of a bakery with a capacity of 66 tons of bread per day, the problem of supplying the population with bread was solved.

The first street of the city, named after S.M. Kirov, passed through the first square of the city, called Kruglaya. In 1948, when the sculpture of S.M. was installed on it. Kirov, the square, like the street, began to bear his name. Alley of Labor, crossing the square named after. Kirov, before the war it ended at the Polytechnic College. Further, all the way to the village of Mylki, there was impenetrable taiga. The city did not yet have a single architectural ensemble; there was no clearly defined development; construction was carried out in a more orderly manner and mostly with brick houses. A complex of administrative buildings for the aircraft plant was built, Central Avenue and Sovetskaya Street were built up, the largest stadium in the city and an aircraft manufacturers' park were built. The Pobeda village was actively built up with individual houses.

The basis of the architectural composition of the Dzemgi village was the street. Pervomaiskaya (Kalinina St.), adjacent along the meridian to the north to Komsomolskoye Highway, and the streets perpendicular to it. Sovetskaya and Central Avenue. Aviation Street (Uralskaya Street) closed all these highways into a huge triangle adjacent to the territory of the aircraft plant. For five years, communication between Dzemga and the village of Perm was carried out along two paths along the bank of the Amur and a path across the Silinka River. In 1937, the longest street in the city was built - Komsomolskoe Highway, connecting two construction sites, which were called “City” and “Dzemgi”, and now the Central and Leninsky districts.

The Great Patriotic War stopped the pace of housing and cultural construction. All the efforts of construction organizations were devoted to completing the construction of industrial enterprises: a battery plant and an oil refinery. After the war, the construction of the House of Soviets on Labor Alley, the Komsomolets cinema, the Palace of Culture of the shipyard was completed, residential buildings, a school and a hotel were built on Mira Avenue, and the House of the Red Army.

Having entered the war very young, the city quickly matured. Back in 1936, construction of a metallurgical plant began on the outskirts of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The steel had to be provided no later than the spring of 1942. The Komsomol members coped with the task: already on February 15 they gave the country the first metal, so necessary for defense enterprises. Also in 1942, several more factories came into operation. On August 8, the mechanical repair department began work. Its products - mortars, mines, rifles, rocket launchers - were intended for the needs of the front.

One of the most heroic pages in the history of the city’s chronicle is the construction of the Okha-Komsomolsk oil pipeline and the Komsomolsk oil refinery. In November 1942, Sakhalin oil arrived on the mainland and already in December the first echelons of liquid fuel were sent to the front.

On April 12, 1942, battery plant No. 364 produced its first products. During the war years, the plant produced more than 237 thousand batteries, including for submarines, and more than 15 thousand tank batteries. In 1943, industrial production in the city increased by 3.4 times compared to 1940. Two of its defense plants played a special role in this.

During the war, Aviation Plant No. 126 provided the front with 2,575 DB-3F (IL-4) combat aircraft, which operated on all fronts as bombers and torpedo bombers. From the first days of the war, the production of shipyard No. 199 was rebuilt for front-line orders. Nine warships left the plant's stocks. In addition, boats for the Pacific Navy were repaired here. In 1944, the plant received the most difficult task - to build two railway ferries for crossing the Amur within a year. The task was completed exactly on time. Thanks to these unique ferries and the newly built Komsomolsk-Sovetskaya Harbor line, in the summer of 1946, Soviet troops and equipment were transferred to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands and took part in the defeat of militaristic Japan.

Over 40 thousand Komsomol members fought at the front. Many of them were military builders who had worked in Komsomolsk since 1934 as part of a special military construction corps. Thousands of Komsomol members were awarded orders and medals, 18 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The memorial complex to fellow Komsomol members who died in the Great Patriotic War was built in memory of those five thousand city residents who did not return from the battlefields.

In total, in Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1948 there were already 75 streets, 36 schools, 3 technical schools, a pedagogical school, 7 vocational schools and FZO schools. The population numbered 130 thousand inhabitants. The city center moved from the barracks of the “Komsomolsky” village and “Bruschatka” to the landscaped streets of Pionerskaya and Alley Truda.

The development of the development plan for the city territory was carried out by the Leningrad branch of the Gorstroyproekt. The outbreak of war prevented the completion of the planned project. Until the mid-60s, the architectural appearance of the city was determined by the tastes of various departments and organizations. However, much, including streets, houses, monuments, was built according to the designs of Leningrad and Moscow architects. Many townspeople are extremely proud of this, calling Komsomolsk “a piece of Leningrad.”

On the embankment, where the first builders of Komsomolsk landed, there is a memorial stone known to many - a 21-ton block of quartz diorite with the inscription: “Here on May 10, 1932, the first Komsomol members, the builders of the city, landed.”

The main street of the city is Pervostroiteley Avenue (formerly called Krasny and Amursky). This is the widest street in Komsomolsk (100 m) stretching for 3.5 km. It has its own attractions - the largest building in the city with 714 apartments. In the old, central part of the city, five-story, so-called “Stalinist” houses predominate. Most of them are characterized by a single style of post-war Soviet architecture with its inherent rich decorative decoration of buildings: stucco decorations and other architectural delights. New neighborhoods are being built up with 9-14-story buildings.

The Leninsky District, more often called by the townspeople of Dzyomga, is actually an entire city, where a third of the population of Komsomolsk lives, with a complex of various organizations and institutions. This part of the city is built up less compactly. Along with new buildings, wooden houses of the private sector have been preserved there. The undeniable advantage of Dzemog is its greenery. The best park in the city is located there. In addition, on the left bank of the Silinka, the builders left a huge tract of almost untouched taiga with an area of ​​more than 500 hectares.

In terms of population, Komsomolsk in the Far East is second only to Khabarovsk and Vladivostok - old cities with rich traditions. It accounts for a fifth of the population of the Khabarovsk Territory, including a third of townspeople.

Today Komsomolsk-on-Amur is a large industrial, scientific and cultural center of the Far East, the third largest city in the Far Eastern Federal District, the center of an industrial agglomeration, which also includes the satellite city of Amursk, as well as more than ten urban and rural settlements.

In the mid-90s, the Komsomolskaya agglomeration was given the status of a free economic zone of production type. The modern zone of Komsomolsk-Amursk-Solnechny includes the territories of three administrative districts of the Khabarovsk Territory: Komsomolsky, Amursky, Solnechny, as well as the territory of Komsomolsk itself.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

As part of the administrative divisions, Komsomolsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of the Komsomolsky District, [6] although it is not part of it. [1] As an administrative division, formed separately as a city of regional significance Komsomolsk-on-Amur

- an administrative unit with a status equal to that of districts.
[1] As a municipal division, the city of regional significance of Komsomolsk-on-Amur is included in the Komsomolsk-on-Amur urban district
. [7] Administratively, the city is divided into 2 districts (formerly a district), coinciding with the historical parts: Leninsky (Dzemgi) and Central.

In Soviet times, the administrative-territorial division of the city was different from the current one. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated October 19, 1943, Leninsky, Stalinsky and Central districts were formed. The Stalinsky district included the territory of the Amurstal railway and a residential area.

The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the abolition of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory” was abolished in the regional division on August 7, 1957, but by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of March 31, 1972. The council again divided the city into two districts - Central and Leninsky.

Demographics of the region

The population density of the Khabarovsk Territory is 1.69 people per square meter. km, but these indicators vary greatly from district to district.

The birth rate exceeds the death rate, but not by much. Thus, 14 children were born per 1,000 residents in 2017, as well as in 2016. The mortality rate as of 2022 is 13.3 people per 1000 citizens of the region.

Residents of the Khabarovsk Territory die mainly from diseases of the circulatory system (more than 8,600 people per year), coronary heart disease (4,000), cerebrovascular diseases (2,700 residents), malignant tumors (2,500) and even injuries (almost 2,000).

Layout[edit]

“House with a Spire” is an unofficial symbol of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur consists of two historical parts: where the main enterprise is located - the Shipbuilding Plant, and Dzemga - the area formed during the construction of the aircraft plant (the future KnAAPO). In fact, each part represents a separate city, which is a single center of the city.

The districts of the city differ greatly in architectural appearance: in the center Stalinist buildings of the 40-50s predominated (with the exception of the residential area near the railway station), Dzemgi is built up mainly with typical apartment buildings. There is no “dormitory” district of Dzemga, since most of its residents work at the enterprises located here.

Climate[edit]

Komsomolsk-on-Amur has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb

). Temperatures in the city area typically vary by more than 56 °C (100.8 °F) throughout the year, with a daily average of -24.7 °C (-12.5 °F) in January, up from +20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in July.

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is an important industrial center of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Russian Far East. [19] The country has a diversified economy, dominated by mechanical engineering, metallurgy and forestry industries. [20]

The city's most notable enterprise is the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Production Association, Russia's largest aircraft manufacturing enterprise. It is one of the most successful enterprises in the Khabarovsk Territory and for many years has been the largest taxpayer in the region. [21] It produced hundreds of civil aircraft and thousands of military aircraft for various purposes, from early reconnaissance aircraft to modern Su-series fighters and light amphibious aircraft. [22] The company is very important to the city's economy, paying 45% of all payments to the local budget. [21]

The city is also home to the Amur Shipyard, a major manufacturer of ships and submarines. [23]

The easternmost GLONASS telemetry and tracking station is located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Two air bases are located near the city: Khurba in the south and Dzemgi in the north.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station is an important railway junction of the BAM and the Komsomolsk-Dezhnyovka railway line.

The city is served by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport.

Public transport includes 5 tram routes, a bus and a fixed taxi (marshrutka).

The first combat flight of the Su-57 prototype took place at the Gagarin plant. [24]

• Test flight of the Sukhoi Superjet 100 prototype in Komsomolsk-on-Amur
• Tram

Dynamics of population changes

Due to rather difficult natural conditions, there is a constant outflow of citizens of the Khabarovsk Territory to other regions of Russia and abroad. Thus, since 1992 there has been a constant decline in the population. Over 25 years, the number of inhabitants has decreased by 300,000 people. However, it is also worth noting that now this decrease is not so strong.

Currently, there is a high pace of construction in the region. Large companies invest in various objects. Over the past ten years, the appearance of many cities, especially Khabarovsk, has changed a lot. If earlier there were old five-story buildings and abandoned enterprises everywhere, now the construction of business centers is actively underway, companies are investing in many bold projects. The appearance of cities is also changing: new parks and public gardens are being built, infrastructure is being improved.

It is worth noting the improvement in social protection of the population of the Khabarovsk Territory. Thus, now fewer and fewer residents want to leave the region, but negative migration is still observed. In 2016, 58,633 people left, while only 57,047 arrived. The pace of migration has decreased somewhat in recent years, because now the migration decline is only 1,500 people, whereas back in 2015 it was 4,900 people.

Notable residents[edit]

Alexey Chubrevich

• Alex Chubrevich, Israeli-Russian professional basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Super League.
• Anatoly Dyatlov, Deputy Chief Engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
• Yuri Gazinsky, football player who scored the first goal of the 2018 World Cup, was born in the city.
• Alexandra Ivanovskaya, "Miss Russia 2005"
• Valentina Khetagurova (1914–1992), founder of Khetagurova
• Pasha Kovalev, professional dancer
• Sergei Plotnikov, hockey player for the Pittsburgh Penguins, NHL
• Ivan Shtyl, sprint kayak

Links[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ abcde Resolution No. 143-pr.
2. "Query result". www.gks.ru.
   _ Retrieved November 1, 2022.
3. ^ a b Federal State Statistics Service (2011). “All-Russian Population Census 2010. Volume 1" [All-Russian Population Census 2010, vol. 1]. All-Russian Population Census 2010 [All-Russian Population Census 2010]
   . Federal State Statistics Service.
4. https://habstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/habstat/resources/4fcf3a80408ea6bca127eb4d45abe5e4/Number+of+population+of+Khabarovsk+territory+by+municipal+educationmm+on+1+year+January+2018+ .
5. State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 “All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division. Code 08 409", ed. changes No. 278 / 2015 dated January 1, 2016. (Goskomstat of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997. Russian classification of administrative divisions) (OKATO).
   Code 08 409 , as amended by Amendment No. 278/2015 dated 01/01/2016).
6. ^ ab State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 “All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division. Code 08 220”, ed. changes No. 278 / 2015 dated January 1, 2016. (Goskomstat of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997. Russian classification of administrative divisions) (OKATO).
   Code 08 220 , as amended by Amendment No. 278/2015 of 01/01/2016).
7. ^ abc Law No. 192
8. Law No. 264
9. "On the Calculation of Time". Official Internet portal of legal information
   . June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
10. Post office. Information and computing center of OASU RPO. ( Post office
    ).
    Search for postal service objects ( postal Search for objects
    ) (in Russian)
11. ↑
    Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (May 21, 2004).
    “The population of Russia, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as part of federal districts, urban settlements, settlements, settlements of 3 thousand or more people” [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal districts, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - administrative centers and rural settlements with a population of more than 3,000 people] (XLS). All-Russian Population Census 2002
    .
12. “All-Union Population Census of 1989. The current population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous regions and districts, territories, negative phenomena, urban settlements and villages.Team.Aero - Sukhoi rolls out Superjet 100 in Aeroflot livery.” Team.Aero
    . Retrieved November 1, 2022.
13. “How many MiG-15s were produced per year?” . aviation.stackexchange.com
    . Retrieved November 1, 2022.
14. https://www.oldwings.nl/st/li2.pdf
15. "climbase.ru (1948-2011)". Retrieved April 28, 2012.
16. "Weather database: historical weather for Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Russia". Weather database. 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
17. ↑
    Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Archived August 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
18. "Overview of Komsomolsk-on-Amur". Retrieved November 1, 2022.
19. ^ ab Pike, John. “KNAAPO Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Production Association named after Gagarin - Russian.” www.globalsecurity.org
    . Retrieved November 1, 2022.
20. www.uacrussia.ru
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090131153815/https://www.uacrussia.ru/en/companies/index.php?id4=47 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2022. Missing or empty |title=( help )
21. Satellite. "Crew member hacked by temperature sensor on submarine Nerpa". en.rian.ru.
    _ Retrieved November 1, 2022.
22. "Sukhoi T-50 prototype flies for first time in 40 minutes of flight". Retrieved November 1, 2022.[ permanent dead link
    ]
23. "Twin Cities". kmscity.ru
    (in Russian). Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Retrieved February 4, 2020.

Sources [edit]

• Government of the Khabarovsk Territory. Resolution No. 143-pr of July 18, 2007 “On approval of the register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory,” as amended. Resolution No. 273-pr dated August 28, 2015 “On amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory dated July 18, 2007 No. 143-pr “On approval of the register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory””. Entered into force on August 13, 2007. Published: “Collection of Legislation of the Khabarovsk Territory”, No. 7 (60), August 12, 2007 (Government of the Khabarovsk Territory. Resolution No. 143-pr dated July 18, 2007 “ On approval of the Register of administrative territorial formations and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory"
  as amended by Resolution No. 273-pr dated August 28, 2015.
  On amendments to the Decree of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory dated July 18, 2007 No. 143-pr "On approval of the Register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory "
  . Effective from August 13, 2007).
• Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 192 of June 30, 2004 “On granting the municipal formation of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur the status of an urban district and on establishing its borders.” Came into force on the date of official publication. Published: “Priamurskie Gazette”, No. 136–137, July 29, 2004 (Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 192 of June 30, 2004 “ On assigning the status of an urban district to the municipal formation of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and on establishing its boundaries
  ... Comes into force on the date of official publication.)
• Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 264 of March 14, 2005 “On administrative centers of rural settlements and municipal communications of the Khabarovsk Territory,” as amended. Law No. 239 of November 28, 2012 “On the transformation of the urban settlement of the working village of Tyrma, located on the territory of the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory, by changing its status into a rural settlement - the village of Tyrma and introducing amendments to certain Laws of the Khabarovsk Territory.” Came into force on the date of official publication. Published: “Priamurskie Vedomosti”, No. 57, April 1, 2005 (Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 264 of March 14, 2005 “ On the administrative centers of rural settlements and municipalities of the Khabarovsk Territory”
  as amended by Law No. 239 of November 28 2012
  On the transformation of the urban settlement of Tyrma, located on the territory of the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory, by changing its status to a rural settlement - the village of Tyrma and on amendments to various laws of the Khabarovsk Territory
  ... Effective from the date of official publication.).

Ethnographic composition in the region

As of 2010, the majority of Russians in the Khabarovsk Territory are 88 percent. This is even more than in Soviet times. For example, in the mid-twentieth century, the region's population was 82 percent Russian. There are about 26,000 Ukrainians in the Khabarovsk Territory, which is almost 2 percent of the population. The indigenous population - Nanais - is extremely small, only 11,000 citizens (0.82%).

Residents of nearby Asian countries: China, Korea are arriving in the Far East, including the Khabarovsk Territory. According to statistics for 2010, there are 8,000 Koreans in the region, 3,800 Chinese. There are a lot of Chinese tourists in large cities, since visas have been canceled for them. This is why it sometimes seems that there are a lot of Chinese in the Far East.

The population of the Khabarovsk Territory speaks predominantly Russian. Small peoples (Nanais, Evenks) are forgetting their native language, and this is a serious problem at present. The fact is that the Nanai language is relatively young; it was written only in the 1930s, and therefore there are not many written sources on it. It is necessary to preserve the cultures of small peoples, but modern programs aimed at this do not work well.