Population of Kirov: number, density, composition, social protection. Economy of Kirov

Year founded: 1374

City Day is celebrated
on June 12
.

The station is the gate of the city

Kirov

(Khlynov, Vyatka) is the administrative center of the Kirov region. Located on the Vyatka River, 896 km from Moscow. A large transport, industrial and cultural and “peat” capital, a historical city of Russia.

The first settlements on the territory of present-day Kirov were formed presumably 2.5 thousand years ago. By the 7th century, the first nationalities of the Udmurt, Mari and Komi tribes were formed here. The main settlements were located along the banks of the Cheptsa, Moloma and Vyatka rivers.

First confirmed mention

about the city of Vyatka dates back
1374
in connection with the campaign of the Novgorod ushkuiniki against the main city of Volga Bulgaria - Bulgar.
In 1378, an alliance agreement was concluded between the Vyatchans and the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality, and from 1391 the city became the main residence of the Suzdal princes Vasily Dmitrievich and Semyon Kirdyapa, expelled from the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality after its conquest by Moscow. Ensemble of the Trifonov Monastery After the death of the princes in 1401, power passed to the Galician prince Yuri Dmitrievich.
Detachments of Vyatchan people take part in campaigns against the Golden Horde (1392, 1409) and in the war of Moscow Prince Vasily I with Novgorod (1417–1418). Due to its remoteness from the main Russian lands, the Vyatka land did not need an alliance with strong principalities and recognized only the patronage of the princes, remaining a self-governing territory. The people's council acted as the main governing body. The most influential group of the feudal class were the boyars, followed by the merchants and the clergy. The rest of the Vyatchans represented a free communal population and consisted of peasants and artisans.

Seraphim Church

Many famous names are associated with the name of Vyatka - the city was an exiled region, Saltykov-Shchedrin and Herzen, the architect Vitberg and the “iron Felix” Dzerzhinsky, the nephew of Alexander III Sergei Mikhailovich Romanov and many others lived here. The famous writer Albert Likhanov and cosmonauts Viktor Savinykh and Alexander Serebrov were born here. The famous Fyodor Chaliapin also has Vyatka roots. Natalya Goncharova and Isadora Duncan were here.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Council of Supreme Administration of the province announced the non-recognition of the power of the Bolsheviks and the separation of the Vyatka province into an independent republic. In January 1919, Stalin and Dzerzhinsky visited Vyatka to check, finding out that Vyatka had no connection with the government in Moscow, most of the officials were former tsarist officials. As a result of the work of the commission, on January 19, 1919, a provincial Military Revolutionary Committee was created in Vyatka.

The famous Dymkovo toy

As of July 1938, there were 28 enterprises in the city, of which 13 were of union and republican significance, 7 of regional significance and 8 of local significance. Handicraft production was developed. During the Great Patriotic War, due to the evacuation of machine-building factories from Moscow and Leningrad, the industry of Kirov was mainly formed (modern ones, Avitek, Selmash, etc.).

On May 20, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree awarding the title “City of Labor Valor” to 12 cities. Kirov was one of them.

Name Kirov

the city received after the murder in 1934 of a native of the city of Urzhum, Vyatka region, Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov (Kirov). An active participant in the October Revolution, however, was never in Vyatka itself. There are still debates in the city about what name the city should bear - Kirov or Vyatka.

In pre-revolutionary times, the city had a huge number of churches of beautiful architecture. Many of them were destroyed during Soviet times. One of the oldest cultural monuments of Kirov is the ensemble of the Assumption Trifonov Monastery, located on the embankment of the Vyatka River.

The tradition of the Velikoretsk religious procession is more than 600 years old (Photo: editor’s archive)

Other attractions of the city include the Church of Seraphim of Sarov, Alexander Park, Kirov Regional Art Museum. V.M. I am. Vasnetsov and others.

Today, more than 520 thousand people live in Kirov (as of 2020).

In addition to industrial enterprises, various folk crafts are developed here - the famous Dymkovo toy, products made from capocorn, Kukar lace, wickerwork, and ancient traditional embroidery.

One of the brightest events that takes place every year at the beginning of June is the famous Velikoretsk religious procession, which has more than 600 years of continuous tradition. Today the Velikoretsky passage has national significance.

Day of the city

in Kirov it is celebrated on June 12, simultaneously with another significant holiday - Russia Day.

Historical information

The largest city is Kirov. The population today exceeds 500 thousand people. And in 1590 (at this time the settlement was founded) this figure did not exceed 1000. However, the modern name of the city did not appear immediately. The settlement of the Slavs appeared much earlier. Historians mention the city of Vyatka, which was named after the river flowing in the immediate vicinity. The settlement appeared after 1821. The first mention of it in chronicles dates back to 1374.

The rapid development of the settlement was observed during the Russian Empire. In 1780, by decree of Catherine II, the Vyatka province was formed. At this time, the city's population began to increase rapidly. Villagers preferred to move closer to civilization. The Kirov (Vyatka) area also began to grow. In 1727, the first elementary school was already opened. Children began to receive quality education. Soon the official coat of arms of Vyatka was established.

In 1744, the city's postal service began to develop. Communication was established between Moscow, Siberia and Kazan. In 1806, construction of a bridge across the river began. Thanks to this, new opportunities have emerged for the development of industry and the city’s economy. In 1802, the first hospital with 10 beds appeared in the village at the center for the disabled.

Significant changes in the city took place during the October Revolution. In December 1917, the Vyatka Council completely took control into its own hands. At the same time, the first issue of the newspaper “Vyatskaya Pravda” was published. In 1929, administrative reform took place. The authorities abolished the division of the country into provinces. The city became part of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In 1934, it was decided to rename the city in honor of the revolutionary S. M. Kirov. Two years later, the Kirov region appeared on the maps.

KIROV

KIROV, city in Russia, adm. center of the Kirov region Us. 464.6 thousand people (2008). Located in the center. parts of the region, on the river Vyatka (stretches along the banks for more than 25 km). Large transport hub. River port. Airport.

Kirov. Holy Dormition Trifonov Monastery. 17th–18th centuries Photo by P. S. Pavlinov

Kirov. John the Baptist Church. 1714–23. Photo by P. S. Pavlinov

It was founded, according to the most common point of view in historiography, in 1374 by a detachment of Novgorod ushkuiniks passing through the Vyatka land after a campaign in the outskirts of the city of Bolgar (Bulgar). It was probably originally located on the steep left bank of the river. Vyatka, near the Zasora ravine, was called Vyatka. In 1391 it was devastated by the Horde detachment of Prince Bektut. In the end 14 – end 15th centuries center of Vyatka land. After construction at the mouth of the river. Khlynovitsa in the 2nd third – middle. 15th century Kremlin with an earthen rampart and trees. The name was assigned to the fortifications outside the city. Khlynov. Since 1489, the city, together with the Vyatka land, finally became part of Russia. state Being on the east. borders of the country, to the end. 16th century had a strategic meaning. From the beginning 17th century The Semyonovskaya fair operated, later manufacturing production arose, and the economy expanded. connections with cities of Rus. North, Urals, Urals, Volga region, Siberia. Since 1657, the center of the Vyatka and Veliko Perm (from 1799 - Vyatka and Slobodsk) dioceses. In the 2nd half. 17th century The Kremlin was rebuilt, the settlement is surrounded by an earthen rampart with trees. walls and towers (the shaft was partially preserved), stone construction began. In the 17th–18th centuries. in Khlynov chronicle writing began to develop (“Vyatka vremennik”, “Chronicle of Old Years”, “The Tale of the Vyatka Country”, etc.). District city of the Siberian province. (1708–27), Kazan province. (1727–80), center of the Vyatka province. (1719–1780). In 1780 it was again renamed Vyatka, the center of the Vyatka province (1780–1929; in 1780–96 Vyatka governorship). At 19 – beginning. 20th centuries place of politics exile, A. I. Herzen, A. L. Vitberg, F. F. Pavlenkov and others served their sentences here. Small-scale industries predominated in the city (leather tanneries, distilleries, bakeries and confectioneries, and other establishments). The lines of the Perm-Kotlas (1899) and Moscow-Yaroslavl-Arkhangelsk (1906) railways passed through Vyatka. In 1901 the Vyatka-Volga Shipping Company was created. On Nov. – Dec. 1917 owl was installed in the city. power. In 1929–34, the regional center of the Gorky (until 1932 – Nizhny Novgorod) region. Since the 1930s developed as an important industry. center. In 1934 it was renamed K. (in honor of S. M. Kirov). Center of the Kirov region (1934–36), from 1936 – Kirov region. During the period of Vel. Otech. war, K. is an important rear center; several were evacuated here. large enterprises, including Leningrad. the Krasny Instrumentalshchik plant (now the KRIN tool plant) and the Kolomna Locomotive Plant. plant (later production facilities were combined with railway workshops, now the Kirov Machinery Plant named after May 1).

Kirov. Pavilion (gazebo) of the Alexander Garden. 1835. Architect A. E. Timofeev. Photo by P. S. Pavlinov

Archaeological monuments have been preserved in Kazakhstan: the Nagovitsyn settlement (7th–3rd centuries BC), the Chizhevskoye settlement (8th–3rd centuries BC). The old part of the city, which received a rectangular grid of streets after the Highest approval of the regular plans of 1784 (architect I.M. Leim) and 1812 (architect V.I. Geste), is picturesquely located on the steep left bank of the river. Vyatka. South of former Kremlin, on the slope of the Zasora ravine, is the ensemble of the Holy Dormition Trifonov male monastery. (founded in 1580, closed in the 1920s, revived in 1991) with the 5-domed Assumption Cathedral (1684–89; late 17th century iconostasis, renewed in 1894–96; late 19th century paintings by Palekh masters ), the elegant Nikolskaya Gate Church. with features of the Naryshkin Baroque (c. 1700), the abbot's building and cells (18th century), the Annunciation Church. (1728, on the site of the first wooden church of the monastery) and c. Saints Athanasius and Cyril with a rich relief pattern of the walls (1717, in 1802 reconsecrated in the name of the Three Saints), wood. Chapel of St. Tryphon of Vyatka (restored in 1990 in the form of 1684). To the north, northwest and west of the former. Kremlin, on the territory of the former posad, - ensemble of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Novodevichy women's monastery. (founded in 1624, closed in 1918, revived in 2001) with the elegant Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Church. (1696), buildings of the 19th century; Ioanno-Predtechenskaya Church (Nativity of John the Baptist; 1714–23; octagonal in plan; twisted “horns” of window casings; the main nave was enlarged in 1898–99, architect I. A. Charushin), Znamenskaya Church. (until 1778 Tsarevo-Konstantinovskaya; 1697–99, rebuilt in the mid-18th century), Cathedral of the Savior Not Made by Hands (1760s, restored since 1999). Also preserved are the chambers of the Vyatka Spiritual Consistory (1752), the house of A.I. Perminov (1755); buildings in the style of classicism: 2 buildings of public places (1787–90, architect F. M. Roslyakov), the estate of S. Ya. Mashkovtsev (1792–1796, Roslyakov), Akhtyrskaya cemetery church. (1795), the Zhmakin estate (1815), the houses of the servants of the Spassky Cathedral (1826, architect I. D. Dussard de Neuville), buildings in the Alexander Garden (empire gazebos, 1835, architect A. E. Timofeev; entrance pavilion with cast iron fence, 1835–39, architect A. L. Vitberg); mansion of merchant Ya. A. Prozorov (1871–72, architect A. S. Andreev), other residential and administrative buildings. stone and wood Houses. According to the projects of the local architect. Charushin erected: ts. St. Seraphim of Sarov (now St. Seraphim Cathedral) in Russian style (1904–07), shopping arcades, P. P. Klobukov’s store in Art Nouveau style (1909), lush eclectic mansions (house of steamship owner T. F. Bulychev, 1911) . In the end 19 – beginning 20th centuries railways were also built. Kirov-Kotlassky station (1899), St. Petersburg. railway station (1906, reconstructed by 1961, in 1982), mosque (1909, architect M.V. Druzhinin). In Sov. The following buildings were built: the food industry club (1930, architect A. A. Dubrovsky), the House of Communications (1930, architect B. A. Korshunov), the Central Hotel (1937, Charushin), the House of Soviets (1949, architect E. I. Gromakovsky), hotel “Vyatka” (1967, architect B.V. Zyrin). On the right bank of the Vyatka, formerly With. Makarie, - Holy Trinity Women's Monastery. (1992) with the Trinity Church built by Ustyug craftsmen. (1770–75), c. St. Alexander Nevsky (1991); settlement Dymkovo (production of the Dymkovo toy). In the end 20 – beginning 21st centuries in K. built: wooden. c. New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia (1993), c. Faith, Hope, Love and their mother Sophia (2001–02, architect E. L. Skopin), c. St. Panteleimon (2003), Elias Church. (2003), wood. c. in honor of the Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God (2007, architect Yu. V. Kuznetsov). In 1999, the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Ustyug Chapel on Razderikhinsky Spusk was restored in memory of the battle of the Vyatchans with the Ustyug people in 1418 (1875, destroyed in 1925).

Monuments: S. N. Khalturin (1923, sculptor N. I. Shilnikov, architect I. A. Charushin), bust of A. I. Herzen (1948, sculptor V. S. Ryazantsev, architect N. I. Kozlov) , S. M. Kirov (1957, sculptor N. V. Tomsky, architect Kozlov; 1966, sculptor G. E. Arapov, architects G. I. Gavrilov, E. I. Kutyrev), V. M. and A. M. Vasnetsov (1992, sculptor Yu. G. Orekhov, architect S. P. Khadzhibaronov), I. S. Konev (1994, sculptor A. Khaidetsky, architects V. I. Bortsov, V. I. Kropachev), etc. .

Symbols of the city

The modern city has three official symbols. These are the coat of arms, flag and anthem. Since ancient times, the sign of the Vyatka region has been preserved - a bow with an arrow placed on it. Under Ivan the Fourth, the sign was placed on the great sovereign seal. Based on an existing image, Alexander Volkov created a modern coat of arms of the locality. The bow and arrow were made in the same color. In addition, the artist removed the armor from his hand. A cross appeared in the center of the shield, symbolizing the defense of the city. The approval of the new coat of arms took place in May 1781 by Empress Catherine II. In 2008, the symbol was reconstructed.

During the revolution, such symbols were prohibited. That's why the city sign appeared. This symbol displays the Kirov economy and the main areas of industrial activity. The squirrel featured on the sign symbolizes the city's status as a fur capital.

The flag of modern Kirov was approved in 2010. The same bow and arrow and a red cross are depicted on a yellow background.

The anthem is the official musical symbol of the city. It appeared thanks to a competition held in 2015. More than a thousand citizens cast their votes for the final version.

Kirov

The city of Kirov, located almost 900 km from Moscow, preserves an interesting historical past. It is not without reason that almost every description of the city is preceded by an epigraph with the words of the famous historian N.I. Kostomarov: “There is nothing in Russian history darker than the fate of Vyatka and its land...”. The settlement on the Vyatka River, which was the center of the original Vyatka land since the 14th century, was repeatedly renamed, having been Khlynov and Vyatka. The population of modern Kirov is 483,176 people (2013); it is a cultural, industrial and scientific center of the Kirov region. Pre-Slavic past of the Vyatka land

The oldest archaeological finds in the Kama River basin, belonging to the so-called Ananyin culture, date back to the 1st millennium AD. It is believed that the Ananyin people belonged to the Finno-Ugric group and were the predecessors of the Kama Permians (VI-X centuries AD), who, in turn, became the ancestors of modern Komi and Udmurts. Sometimes they are identified with the Tissaget tribe, which was described by Herodotus, but most researchers classify the latter as belonging to the Gorodets culture, the southern branch of the Ananyin people. Numerous remains of Iron Age fortifications were discovered both on the territory of modern Kirov (Nagovitsyn settlement) and along the Vyatka River. In the 10th century, Mari tribes appeared in the western part of the area.

The Udmurts associate the origin of the hydronym Vyatka with the self-name of the ancient tribe “Vatka”, but this version is not supported by modern Russian linguohistorians. However, there is still no reliable information about the origin of the name that gave its name to the entire region.

Foundation of Vyatka

The Slavic population began to penetrate into the Vyatka basin around the end of the 9th century. It was mainly about Novgorod settlers, probably small armed detachments, who rafted from the Novgorod land along the Northern Dvina, South and Molom.

The unique chronicle monument “The Tale of the Country of Vyatka”, created in the 18th century, dates the beginning of the colonization of Vyatka to 1181. Historians believe that the dates given in the “Tale” are based on a collection of unpreserved local sources. Authoritative scientists A. S. Vereshchagin and P. N. Luppov subjected the chronology of the “Tale” to serious criticism, although data from archaeological excavations confirm the appearance of the first Slavic settlements in Vyatka in the 12th – early 13th centuries.

The code cites the legend of Sloven and Rus as the history of the emergence of the Slavs and further concentrates on events related to Novgorod and its inhabitants. According to this source, in 1174 the Novgorod ushkuiniki captured the Mari settlement of Koksharov, mentioned in 1154 as the oldest city in the Vyatka region. The fortress was given a new Slavic name Kotelnich. Another Novgorod detachment captured the Udmurt settlement of Bolvanskoye on the right bank of the Vyatka and renamed it Mikulitsyn. In the period from 1174 to 1199, both detachments began building their own city of Khlynov. In the official Vyatka lists, 1199 was considered the year the city was founded until the end of the 18th century.

The given dating is confirmed by materials from excavations on the territory of the Vyatka Kremlin, carried out in the 1970s and 80s. Numerous items of Slavic everyday life of the pre-Mongol period dating back to the 11th–13th centuries were discovered. The Khlynovskaya fortress was built in the second half of the 13th century, and in the next century it was surrounded by a powerful earthen rampart more than 13 m wide and high walls. The reason for the construction of impregnable fortifications could be the campaign of the Ushkuiniks in 1374 or the first Golden Horde invasion in 1391.

It is curious that the first of these raids became the reason for the first mention of Vyatka in all-Russian chronicles in 1374. During the campaign against the capital of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde Sarai, Novgorod robbers plundered Vyatka. By an absurd accident, this sad moment in the fate of the city for a long time became the official date of its founding in Soviet historiography.

origin of name

From the “Tale of the Country of Vyatka” we learn that the city was named Khlynov at its founding. Researchers associate the etymology of this name with the word “khlyn”, which at that time was used to designate the founders of the city - free warriors of Novgorod merchants who rafted along the Volga and Kama on sailing and rowing ships called ushkui. Subsequently, the word “khlyn” acquired an extremely negative connotation in the Russian language: they began to call it swindlers and rogues.

According to another version, which seems less reliable to scientists, the settlement was named after the small river Khlynovitsa, which flowed under the city and once broke through the dam, that is, “overflowed.”

Nevertheless, in all chronicles of the XIV - first half of the XV centuries. the city is referred to exclusively as Vyatka. Moreover, a thorough analysis of the text allowed us to conclude that we are talking specifically about the settlement, and not the whole region. Nevertheless, the toponym Vyatka often moved on maps, while Khlynov remained in one place. There is a hypothesis that Vyatka was called a settlement, and fortifications did not have a prevailing importance until the 15th century.

As mentioned above, the etymology of Vyatka is not clear. In addition to the Vatka tribe, it was sometimes mistakenly associated with the Slavic Vyatichi, who lived quite far to the west. In modern historiography, the most widely accepted version is L.N. Makarova (1984), according to which this word in the meaning of “large” or “wet”, “moist” refers to the Old Russian language. Both semantic bases could go back to the hydronym Vyatka.

It is noteworthy that the Tatar name for Vyatka - Nokrat - imitates the word "Novgorod", which once again emphasizes the early historical relationships between the cities.

Some local historians give free rein to flights of fancy and find parallels between Vyatka and Venice, or suspect connections with the Vened tribe or even the mythical founder of Rome, Aeneas, a native of Troy.

The final consolidation of the oikonym Khlynov occurred in the second half of the 15th century, after by 1455 the already mentioned Khlynovsky Kremlin, located near the Khlynovitsa River, was expanded and strengthened.

Vyatka Veche Republic (XIII–XV centuries)

The Slavic colonization of the Vyatka region became widespread during the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In the second half of the XIII - first half of the XIV centuries. immigrants from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Ustyug and Nizhny Novgorod lands flocked here. Typically, Russian settlers occupied territories unoccupied by the Mari and Udmurts and founded new settlements, while the original population gradually retreated to the south and east. By the second half of the 14th century, Khlynov became the head of the Vyatka land.

The bulk of the Slavic population were peasants engaged in agriculture and gardening. Cattle breeding also played a significant role. In large settlements, crafts arose, mainly related to metal and woodworking, leather and wool dressing, and fur processing. Trade developed with local tribes, as well as with Volga Bulgaria, the Baltic states and the eastern Russian principalities. Gradually, the merchant class emerged from the general population, whose influence grew stronger the more acutely the Vyatchans needed imported goods, such as jewelry, spices, and weapons.

The political system adopted on the territory of the Vyatka land is covered in the chronicle “The Tale of the Vyatka Country”, as well as in the “Arkhangelsk Chronicler”. Until the annexation to the Moscow state in 1489, Vyatka retained a local body of self-government - the people's council. Thus, the political structure in Vyatka was in many ways similar to the Novgorod feudal republic. The most influential classes were the boyars, merchants and clergy, but the rest of the Vyatchans - peasants and artisans - remained free community members. The highest executive power in the largest cities of the Vyatka land was exercised by elected zemstvo governors from among the local boyars. Subordinate to them were the vatamans - professional military men who performed various functions from military to commercial. Judicial and police functions were performed by elected subdivisions. The last Vyatka zemstvo governors Ivan Anikiev, the Bogodayshchikov Regiment and Pakhomiy Lazarev were executed in 1489 after the conquest of the region by Muscovites.

It should be noted that the role of the clergy in Vyatka was insignificant, and the basis of the brethren, according to the testimony of religious leaders of Central Rus', were poorly educated people whose activities often violated Christian church dogmas. The reason for such unflattering criticism is not difficult to understand if you consider that until the end of the 16th century, Vyatka did not profess Orthodoxy, but a mixture of Slavic and Finno-Perm paganism. From the Christian pantheon, warrior saints were especially revered, such as Archangel Michael, Prophet Elijah, St. Georgy.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the tradition of the Velikoretsk religious procession arose in Vyatka, which still exists today. Found in 1383 on the banks of the Great River, the icon of St. St. Nicholas the Wonderworker quickly became an object of pilgrimage in Vyatka, thanks to its healing properties. Soon the icon was transferred from the place of its appearance to Khlynov, and the route of this movement became the basis for the annual religious procession. St. Nicholas Cathedral was built in the city for the icon. It is noteworthy that after the final annexation of the Vyatka region to the Moscow state, the icon was brought in a religious procession to Moscow in 1555 and participated in the consecration of the site of the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral. The shrine’s return journey to Khlynov was not easy: it was almost destroyed by the Tatars who captured Kazan, but the miraculous image nevertheless returned to its homeland, where it is kept to this day. The icon visited Moscow again in 1614 by order of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, marking the end of the Time of Troubles.

The Vyatka land was located far from the arena of political struggle for dominance in Rus' and therefore did not need strong allies and alliances with other principalities. Nevertheless, in official documents of the 15th century, Vyatka was formally classified as a possession of either the Suzdal, Moscow, or Galician principalities. Many modern researchers agree that Vyatka formally became the feudal fiefdom of these principalities and the agreements on this were temporary and testified more to the allied parity than to the subordination of the Vyatka region.

Around 1378, the Vyatka nobility entered into an agreement with Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal, who stood at the head of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality and initially competed with the Moscow princes for the Vladimir grand-ducal throne. Formally, Vyatka became the feudal fiefdom of the Nizhny Novgorod prince. After he gave his daughter Evdokia in marriage to the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy as a sign of reconciliation, the Vyatka land fell into the orbit of princely internecine struggle. As a result, in 1403, after the death of the sons of Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal, Vyatka went to his grandson, Moscow Prince Vasily I. For this reason, in the war between Vasily I and the Novgorod Republic in 1417–1418. Vyatchans participated on the side of the Moscow Principality.

In the internecine confrontation between the successors of Vasily I in 1425–1453. Vyatka took the side of the Galician princes. According to the will of Dmitry Donskoy, Vyatka went to his second son Yuri, Prince of Galitsky and Zvenigorod. After the final defeat of his sons, Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka, in the struggle for the Moscow throne in 1452, Vyatka again briefly became independent, but its days of self-government were numbered. In 1457–1459 Prince Vasily II the Dark made two campaigns against Vyatka and captured the city after a long siege. The region again submitted to the Moscow state, but the general veche assembly continued for several more decades.

In the 1460s–80s, Vyatchans took part in the struggle of Muscovites against the Tatar khanates, into which the Golden Horde broke up. One of the largest events for Khlynov was the campaign of the troops of Tsar Ivan III against Kazan. In 1471, the Khlynovites, under the command of governor Yuryev, raided the Golden Horde capital of Sarai, and in 1478 they repelled the invasion of the Kazan Khan Ibrahim.

At the same time, an acute crisis emerged in the political elite of Vyatka: some supported the policy of consolidating lands under the leadership of the Moscow state, others, following the example of Novgorod, sought autonomy. After the overthrow of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, the process of centralization became irreversible. The reason for the invasion of Vyatka by the troops of Tsar Ivan III was the refusal of the Khlynovites to participate in the Kazan campaign and the separate peace they concluded with the Tatars. Khlynov resisted the Moscow siege for about 4 years, expelling the pro-Moscow group led by Yuryev and declaring independence. But in 1489, Vyatka was flooded by a 64,000-strong Moscow army, and the resistance was crushed. The leaders of the rebellion under the leadership of governor Ivan Anikeev were executed, and numerous representatives of the city elite, boyars and merchants, were evicted from Khlynov to other parts of the Moscow state. By order of the tsar, the empty territories were occupied by “transfers” from Veliky Ustyug and other cities. Since 1489, Vyatka self-government was replaced by an all-Russian system of government - localism.

Khlynov as part of the Moscow State (XVI century)

This century was marked by active settlement and intensive agricultural and industrial growth on the Vyatka land. Khlynov became the largest city in the north-east of Rus' in the 16th century.

Before the conquest of Kazan by Ivan IV, the southern territories of the modern Kirov region were subordinate to the Kazan Khanate. Thus, Vyatka was a border territory and took an active part in Ivan the Terrible’s campaigns against the Tatars in the 1550s and in the expansion of the Russian state in the Volga region to the Caspian Sea.

The region's population was constantly growing due to near-Volga settlers, fugitive serfs and dissenters, as well as Russified Mari. The northern regions of Vyatka were replenished with immigrants from Primorye. The dominant Russian population gradually displaced the Udmurts from the west of Vyatka, and the changing ethnic composition contributed to the belated acceleration of the Christianization of these lands. The Christianization of Vyatka in the 16th century is associated mainly with the ascetic feat of the Monk Trifon of Vyatka, who in 1580 became abbot of the first Khlynovo monastery, named Trifonov in his honor.

At the end of the century, the geopolitical position of Vyatka changed due to the liquidation of the Siberian Khanate: it was assigned a key position between the central, Volga, Ural-Siberian and Pomeranian regions of Rus'. Vyatka became the central supplier of bread to Siberia.

After popular unrest in the 1530s–50s. as a sign of protest against inflated taxes and abuses of Moscow governors, an elective zemstvo system was introduced in Vyatka in 1557.

Khlynov in the Time of Troubles and Vyatka in the Romanov era (XVI–XIX centuries)

During the reign of Boris Godunov, disgraced political opponents of the sovereign were exiled to Vyatka, including the uncle of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and other relatives of the Romanovs. Khlynovtsy participated in the formation of militia units that acted as part of the troops of Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky in 1609 and the regiments of Minin and Pozharsky. In addition, Vyatka elected representatives participated in the work of the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, which approved the new tsar.

Peasant riots in the second half of the 17th century swept across the Vyatka region, but were quickly suppressed. During the uprising of Stepan Razin, in 1670, a large detachment of rebels appeared near Khlynov under the leadership of I. I. Dolgopolov. The rebels were soon defeated, and subsequently the government allocated funds to update and strengthen the fortifications of Khlynov.

During the administrative reforms of Peter the Great, city government was transformed: Khlynov received a new state body - the zemstvo hut under the leadership of an elected burgomaster. Thus, the power of local governors was limited.

When the state was divided into provinces in 1708–1710. Khlynov was included in the Simbirsk province, and 9 years later, with the formation of provinces, it became an independent administrative unit. In 1728, the Khlynovskaya province came under the jurisdiction of the Kazan province, which contributed to the rapprochement of the historical northern and southern Vyatka regions in the Vyatka and Upper Kama basins.

Catherine's reforms of the 1780s. formed a separate Vyatka province, and on December 18, 1780, Khlynov was officially renamed Vyatka. About a year later, by order of the highest order, the city was granted a coat of arms. The heraldic symbol of Vyatka - a bow with an arrow superimposed on it - is one of the oldest Russian coats of arms. Since 1497, it has been placed on the sovereign seal of Ivan the Terrible, and the image of a “heavenly hand” stretching out from a cloud has been added to the bow and arrow since 1646, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Since 1856, the coat of arms of Vyatka was extended to the entire Vyatka province. During the years of Soviet power, the old symbols were banned, and in 2008 they were reconstructed and re-approved as the coat of arms of Kirov.

Economic growth in the 17th century kept Vyatka as the main city in northeast Russia. Since 1607, the city hosted a large Semenovskaya fair, which combined the ancient traditions of celebrating the pagan Whistle Dance and modern trade relations. Khlynovsky and then Vyatka merchants were known not only in their Fatherland, but also abroad: they traded with both Russian capitals, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian cities and Asian countries. In 1694, the merchant Lyanguzov established trade relations between Moscow and China, leading the first trade caravan to the east. Subsequently, these caravans became a source of huge profits, for example, in 1710, trade with China brought one fourteenth of the total state income to the Russian treasury.

The spiritual and educational development of Vyatka was not inferior to the commercial one. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. Historical documents were prepared and published that shed light on the past of the region: “The Tale of the Vyatka Country”, “Vyatka Contemporary” and “The Life of Tryphon Vyatka”. In the 18th century, the first educational institutions were created, including a theological seminary, and a large-scale redevelopment of the city was carried out according to the new urban plan. The ancient fortifications were demolished, and the construction of stone buildings began in Vyatka under the leadership of the architect F. Roslyakov.

According to the List of populated places of the Vyatka province for 1876, in the provincial city of Vyatka at the Vyatka River and the Khlynovka River (“with the settlements of Dymkovskaya and Vshiva or Vshivtsevskaya, of which the first counts 15 souls, and the second – 26 souls of both sexes”) there were 1,728 houses in which there were 15,075 residents of both sexes - 8,650 males and 6,425 females. In the city there were 14 Orthodox churches, 2 monasteries (Uspensky-Trifonov male and Preobrazhensky female), 2 chapels, the Bishop's House with a house church. Charitable institutions: orphanage, almshouse, hospital, orphanage, almshouse for the disabled, insane asylum. Educational institutions: provincial gymnasium, seminary with two house churches, theological school with a church, district school, 2 parish schools, school for clerical children, women's school of the 1st category, public library. The city also had: 2 pharmacies, a prison, a straitjacket and a workhouse, a correctional prison company, a prison castle with a church, a postal station, a city public bank, 2 public gardens, a public guest yard, 3 hotels, a tavern, a shipping pier on the river. Vyatka, 14 factories (4 tanneries, 3 soap factories, 1 glue factory, 2 tallow candle factories, 1 stearin candle factory, 2 wax factories, 1 brewery), a powder magazine, 2 stores (provisions and salt), a slaughterhouse, 3 fairs. Markets were held on Sundays and Thursdays.

In the 19th century, the Vyatka province with an area of 170,000 square meters. km was considered one of the most extensive in the country, its population increased by 1 million by the end of the century and amounted to more than 3 million people. About 25 thousand people lived in the city of Vyatka. Transport networks included Vyatka in the second half of the 19th century: in 1861, a steamship line along the Vyatka River to the Volga cities was launched, and in 1899, railway traffic came to the city. Vyatka's urban infrastructure developed rapidly: at the beginning of the 20th century, the city was electrified and received running water, a telegraph and a telephone.

Vyatka in the twentieth century

Soviet power came to Vyatka in the person of provincial commissar P.I. Pankov on March 6, 1917. In the next two years, the Vyatka province became an arena of confrontation between the White Guards and the Red Army, but by the summer of 1919 the Kolchakites were forced out of the region.

In 1929, during the next administrative-territorial reform, Vyatka became part of the Nizhny Novgorod region. After the murder of S. M. Kirov, a native of the city of Urzhum in the Vyatka province, his fellow countrymen insisted on renaming Urzhum, but the leadership of Vyatka intervened, and on December 7, 1934, the historical center of the region was renamed Kirov. It is curious that at one time a Soviet politician, whose real name was Kostrikov, noticed the name of the Bulgarian Khan Cyrus in a desk calendar and took it as a sonorous pseudonym.

In the 1930s, the Kirov region became a place of exile for political prisoners: on its territory there were forced labor camps of the VyatLAG system, through the millstones of which more than 200 thousand people passed.

In 1941, mobilization was carried out in Kirov, and about 600 thousand residents of the region went to the front, almost half of them did not return. Over 200 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Great Patriotic War, Kirov residents actively helped the army men, working in the rear. An evacuation center was set up in Kirov: several heavy metallurgy and defense industry factories were transported to the region and remained there after the war.

In the second half of the century, Kirov became the center of unprecedented industrial growth - enterprises of the city and region took leading positions in various branches of heavy industry and were repeatedly awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. Among the city-forming industrial complexes, mention should be made of the Vyatka machine-building enterprise "AVITEK", Kirov, Kirov Tire Plant, Kirov Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant. In the 1980s Kirov residents have crossed the threshold of 400 thousand people, and today we can talk about the formation of the Kirov agglomeration, in which up to 750 thousand citizens live.

Since 1993, the question of returning the historical name Vyatka to the city has been constantly raised in Kirov. However, population surveys conducted in the 1990s and 2000s have repeatedly demonstrated a negative majority attitude towards this initiative.

Speaking about Kirov, we should never lose sight of the fact that here is the center for the production of the world famous Dymkovo toy. In the XVIII–XIX centuries. This folk craft developed in the settlement of Dymkovo, where immigrants from Ustyug and Arkhangelsk settled, and played an important role in the celebration of Svistoplyaska and the annual Vyatka fair. Haze traditions are rooted in the pagan antiquity of the region. In the first half of the 20th century. The Dymkovo fishery was on the verge of extinction, but was revived thanks to the efforts of local enthusiasts after the Great Patriotic War. Today, haze, exported to many countries around the world, is a source of special pride for Kirov residents.

Physiographic characteristics of the city

Modern Kirov is famous for its unique nature. The population in the last century increased significantly only due to the proximity to the Vyatka River, after which the city was originally named. The settlement is located in the northeastern part of the country, in the taiga forest zone. Kirov lives according to Moscow time.

The administrative center of the Kirov region has a continental climate. Due to its proximity to the Arctic Ocean, it is quite cold here in winter. Sharp cold snaps can also occur in summer. In the city itself, the temperature may be slightly higher due to the operation of a large number of industrial facilities. The average annual temperature is 1-3 degrees Celsius.

The settlement is located in an area with interesting topography. The main part of the city is located on the steep left bank of the river - the main waterway. Vyatka divides the settlement into two parts. The river flows from the southeast in a northwest direction. The river has its own tributaries. The largest of them are Khlynovka and Chakhlovitsa.

The entire Kirov region is located in the southern taiga subzone. Spruce and pine forests predominate here. Their number has recently decreased significantly due to economic activity. Deforestation without appropriate permission carries a hefty fine. Most of Kirov and surrounding lands are occupied by agricultural land. There are special protected natural resources on the territory of Kirov. These are the Botanical and Trans-River Gardens and the Arboretum.

Kirov's industry is significantly developed. However, the environment suffers from this. The high population and huge traffic flow also have a negative impact. Enterprises of the energy complex pollute the air of the city to a large extent. The chemical and petrochemical industries have a negative impact on the environmental situation. The water in Vyatka does not meet established standards. Swimming is prohibited in many places.

A potential danger to the population is the Maradykovsky chemical arsenal, which is located 90 km from the settlement. A sixth of Russia's chemical weapons stockpiles are stored here. The issue of household waste disposal is also acute in Kirov. Local residents are in favor of developing waste recycling enterprises.

General information and history of the city

Kirov, aka Khlynov, aka Vyatka, aka 43rd region, has always been the Russian rear. Located in the northeast of the European part of Russia, in the valley of the Vyatka River, it is still located far from main roads. And in the distant 1300s, when the Tatar-Mongol yoke was raging on the territory of our state, the Slavs fled inland - to this taiga region, so as not to fall into slavery.

They built small settlements - Kotelnicheskoe, Kovrovskoe, Orlovskoe, etc. For a long time, these actions were considered the starting point of Kirov history.

Meanwhile, the first mention of the Vyatka land dates back not to the 14th, but to the 12th century. It was then that Russian settlers discovered the Vyatka lands. But, apparently, they did not have enough strength to reach the Vyatka River, and they stopped at a small river - Khlynovka and named the city Khlynovo in honor of it.

Time passed, the city grew. Residents of Nizhny Novgorod, Ustyug, Tatars and Muscovites fought for the right to own his lands. For some time, the latter were victorious, and at the end of the 15th century, the local nobility was resettled in the Moscow region, and a Moscow governor was left in Vyatka. Only Muscovites tried in vain. Kirov was too distant from the main Russian lands and did not need princely patronage. The residents of Vyatcha recognized Moscow's power, but only formally. In fact, Khlynov remained a self-governing territory.

Kirov from a bird's eye view

And in the future, the Kirov region actively defended its independence. Thus, in 1917, residents of the Vyatka province did not recognize the power of the Bolsheviks and demanded that it be separated into a separate republic. But after a few years the Soviets had to submit, and for a long time Khlynov was simply a regional center of the Nizhny Novgorod region. And then in 1934 Vyatka was renamed in honor of the famous party leader Sergei Mironovich Kirov.

During the Second World War, civilians again fled to the rear city, and the state transferred industrial plants, weapons production and even the Leningrad Naval Medical Academy. The war is over. The factories remained on the territory of Kirov, but their main technical boom occurred during the Soviet era.

After perestroika, almost all production was closed, and Vyatka turned into an ordinary small provincial town, where the bulk of the population makes a living by resale or trade from their own garden. Fortunately, good temperature conditions contribute to the rapid growth of various crops.

Population

The greatest growth in the city's population occurred in the mid-20th century. At this time, industry began to develop rapidly and new jobs appeared. Many rural residents moved closer to factories to provide for their families. Kirov gradually increased. The population in 1913 was only 46 thousand people. As of 2022, this figure has risen to 500 thousand. The population continues to grow. The city is developing, attracting young people from other regions. The guys stay here to work and start families.

According to census data, the working-age population is 310 thousand people in 2022. The population structure of Kirov is also considered interesting. About 96% are Russians. Also living in the city are Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Armenians, Mari, etc.

Where does Vyatka begin? How, by whom and why our city was founded

When we talk about history, especially the history of our native land, people and civilization, we always have to start somewhere. Where is that very turning point in the historical chronicle from which we begin our countdown? From what moment did the Vyatka land truly become Vyatka? To answer this question one has to ask many other questions, such as by whom and why.

Novgorod, or Veliky Novgorod, is generally considered the cradle of ancient Russian statehood. The first date that is proposed to be memorized in preparation for school exams on the history of Russia is the year 862, the moment of the calling of the legendary figure Rurik to Novgorod, who is the ancestor of the first royal dynasty in Ancient Rus'. Since then, Novgorod has been consolidated in the public and political consciousness as one of the key centers of early Rus', a place of trade, religion and culture.

Over the next hundreds of years the city grew in influence. It changed and acquired its own unique look and form, and by 1136, passions between the urban boyar elites and the local trading population led to the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, which in turn marked the beginning of the formation of a unique veche republic. A more democratic form of government in Novgorod led to the formation of a civic mindset that was more free and prone to deviant acts. It is not surprising that this resulted in such a phenomenon as the ushkuiniki - a group of free armed people engaged in river piracy and trade, which was equipped, among other things, at the expense of the Novgorod boyars.

The main target of the Novgorod Ushkuin raids were neighboring peoples and states - the Swedes, Volga Bulgars, Tatars, Mari and Udmurts. It was the raids towards the latter that gave rise to the development of lands near the Vyatka River. According to such a literary monument as “The Tale of the Vyatka Country” (it is important to emphasize that historians still cannot agree on the reliability of the information presented there), in the 12th century (estimated date 1181) they captured settlements such as Bolvan and Koksharov (now known as the village of Nikulchevo and the city of Kotelnich), which gave rise to the settlement of the Vyatka land by the Novgorod Slavs.

According to the most reliable data (Resurrection Chronicle - 16th century), in 1374 a detachment of ushkuiniks numbering 2,500 people made a very successful descent along the rivers and robbed the city of Bulgar (the capital of Volga Bulgaria), after which it was divided into two parts, the first goes deeper into the Tatar lands, for further enrichment, when the second one goes north and stopped at the confluence of the Khlynovka River and the Vyatka River. They discovered a very convenient territory, a natural hill (the modern territory of the embankment and the Eternal Flame), which they decided to strengthen and build their settlement on it for permanent parking, wintering and storing loot. The location was not chosen by chance, since according to medieval tradition, it was in such areas that fortresses were usually built - the terrain features greatly facilitated the efforts to defend the city.

Historians are inclined to believe that the city was first named Vyatka, although later it changed its name to Khlynov, but this is not certain, since it is not excluded that at first it could have had two names. Regarding the origin of the name itself, the most likely version is that Vyatka received it from the Udmurt tribe Vatka, which inhabited the surrounding territories. If we talk about the origin of the name Khlynov, then there is also no definite answer; there is an opinion that the name was derived from an already known river, and there is another that it came from the ancient word “khlyn” (i.e. deceiver), which correlates with the robber origin of the city.

The Novgorod order, including the traditions of self-government, became the basis for the new settlement, on the basis of which such an independent way of life developed. Novgorod included our city as part of “their” lands, trade was carried out, but in general the city was independent and independent, it formed its own boyars and veche, the residents of Vyatka elected a “vataman” (this is exactly how the word ataman was used) - a military leader.

In 1489, however, this way of life came to an end when, during the period of centralization of Rus', the army of Ivan III, numbering 64 thousand people, came to the walls of the Khlynovo Kremlin and demanded submission. Capitulation was inevitable, and many local boyars were either exiled to Moscow or executed. It was after the Veche was liquidated and a Moscow governor was appointed at the head of the city that Vyatka officially became part of the ancient Russian state.

As for what is happening now, the situation is curious. Both in territory and in population, Kirov is much larger than its parent Veliky Novgorod, but one cannot help but notice slight similarities in both cities, in their spirit and culture. And since history does not stand still, the future appearance of these cities depends on us.

The editors of the Internet portal Kirov.ru express special gratitude in compiling this material to the city of Veliky Novgorod itself, which hospitably hosted us as part of a trip to the “Silver Necklace of Russia,” and to the Kirov Regional Museum of Local Lore, which shared with us the history of our city.

Administrative structure

Kirov is divided into four urban districts. The largest population is in the Leninsky district. There are also the following non-municipal entities: Novovyatskoye, Oktyabrskoye and Pervomaiskoye. The main territory is formed by the coastal part in close proximity to the Vyatka River. The city is also adjacent to rural microdistricts - Pobedilovo and Lyangasovo. A total of 134 settlements (mostly villages) are subordinate to urban areas.

Kirov is a unit of local government. The main regulatory document of a settlement is the Charter of the municipality. The document was last revised in 2005. In accordance with this charter, the main governing bodies, as well as city services, are formed. The main body of local government is the Kirov City Duma. It consists of 36 deputies. It is these people who are responsible for the social protection of the population of Kirov. The Duma adopts the city budget and develops plans for the economic and cultural development of the locality. In addition, the Duma approves the head of the city. This is the highest official of the municipality. In 2022, the role of the head of the city was performed by Vladimir Vasilyevich Bykov.

Regional authorities and the legislative assembly also function in Kirov. These are the most important organs of Kirov. The standard of living of the population is controlled precisely thanks to their work.

Economy and industry

Kirov is a developed economic center. The population is growing due to the large number of jobs. The financial sector is developing at a tremendous pace. A lot of good reviews can be heard about Norvik Bank, which until 2015 was called Vyatka Bank. In addition, numerous branches of federal financial institutions operate in Kirov - Sberbank, VTB Bank, Raiffeisenbank, etc.

Industry is also developing rapidly. Just look at Lepse - the largest enterprise for the manufacture of electrical equipment. The Kirov Employment Center always has fresh vacancies; it also produces railway and oil refining products.

The Kirov Cold Storage Plant makes a huge contribution to the city’s economy. This is a large company that produces ice cream, cold desserts, fruit ice, sorbets, etc. The factory was founded in 1936. For more than 80 years of operation, the company has achieved enormous success. Kirov ice cream is eaten in many Russian cities.

One cannot help but recall the Kirov Tire Plant. According to statistical data, this is the second largest tire manufacturer in Russia. Since December 2011, the company has been owned by an Italian holding.

There is also a machine-building plant in the city of Kirov. It was founded in 1959. Today the company specializes in the production of household appliances. The most famous achievement of the plant is the Vyatka-automatic washing machine.

Housing and communal services and other infrastructure

Utility workers in Kirov have become completely insolent. Housing and communal services tariffs are rising throughout the country, but only in Vyatka they managed to double them! But, however, the townspeople rebelled and somewhere at the beginning of 2012 they wrote to Prime Minister Putin at that moment about the lawlessness that was happening. The election race was going on, and such a letter could not go unnoticed. The regional governor was reprimanded, and tariffs dropped to the average level - about a thousand rubles per person.

But the general state of public utilities, of course, is not encouraging. Soviet-era houses are dilapidated, facades are crumbling, and roofs are leaking. The residents of the top floors are unlucky - the ceilings of their apartments are covered with mold, and in some places they have completely collapsed due to constant dampness. Housing and communal services just throw up their hands, patch up attics every year, sue angry residents, but do not compensate for the consequences of leaks and are not going to spend money on a full-fledged overhaul of houses. In general, this organization does not particularly like construction work.

In Kirov (in the center!) there are many houses where there is no central gas supply - once every few months the residents of such “full-sized” houses are delivered cylinders! And how many letters and requests were written!

What's this! Some houses cannot be connected to central heating - their residents pay huge bills in winter for heating the apartment with electricity or gas. Housing and communal services remember that they need to collect monthly fees, but forget about their obligations.

Old houses are located right inside new neighborhoods

Also, utility workers don’t like to systematize anything and don’t see the point in having a proper file cabinet. How else can we explain the fact that there is constant confusion in receipts - some will be charged less, some more than they should be, and some will turn from an owner of square meters into a tenant of social housing? And every time you have to go to the organization, sort out the documents, write a complaint, etc. We remind you that this is the 21st century, but in the Kirov housing and communal services there are antediluvian computers, apartment cards are not entered into a common database, and girls sitting in the window are simply “not in the know” and it can be very difficult to get an intelligible answer from them to your question.

But it’s not just home improvement that’s suffering. If you look at the roads, it becomes scary. As in one joke - I wish the one who came up with patches on asphalt to wear darned socks for the rest of his life. Kirov has never been known for its smooth roads - it generally stands on several hills - the streets “dance”. No, if we put in a normal covering, maybe then there will be fewer accidents? But Kirov residents are not looking for easy ways. Every day, utility services fill holes in the roads - there are a lot of “holes”, but the city budget does not plan to purchase new asphalt.

The Governor's car is also forced to look for a parking space.

So, due to bad roads, even in such a small town as Kirov, traffic jams appeared. But it’s not because there are a lot of cars and everyone is in a hurry to get somewhere that the accident is to blame. Some car will get stuck in a pothole and block all traffic. So you need to plan your time in Vyatka with plenty of reserve. Moreover, there are no other options other than ground transport here. The city is too small for the metro; they didn’t even allow a tram into Kirov; they decided that trolleybuses, buses and minibuses would be enough for local residents. In principle, there are enough of them, they run often, but after 22.00 you have to take a taxi - city transport stops operating at this time.

The kindergarten issue in Kirov is acute. There are traditionally few preschool institutions. Instead of building new kindergartens, the administration is renovating the old ones again! In principle, it’s not bad, it’s better for kids to frolic in clean, modern rooms, but this doesn’t make it any more spacious. And you can get to heaven for preschoolers either according to the queue or through connections. If the child’s parents do not know each other, and they did not worry about the kindergarten in advance, the grandmother will have to look after the baby, or the mother will return late from maternity leave.

But there are many schools in Kirov. In each district (if you look not at the traditional, but at the specific classification) there are at least three such educational institutions. But, of course, they all differ from each other in their level of education and composition of teachers. As in Moscow, they practice electronic queuing for classes. Those. a parent can enroll their child in absolutely any school, regardless of their place of residence. But there they will look at how full the parallel is, and decide whether to take such a student or not.

It is clear that the strong schools are overcrowded, while the “lagging behind” schools have empty desks. But here the local lyceums stand apart. This electronic recording did not affect them in any way. If you want to study with them, you will have to take exams. Even first-graders are not allowed to pass without testing. But the enrollment rate at Kirov lyceums is colossal - all their graduates become students of good Russian universities.

Transport

The population density of Kirov is quite high. The area of the city cannot be called small either. Therefore, public transport is well developed here. Kirov is also a major hub in terms of intercity communication. The Vyatka federal highway runs in close proximity to the city. The Kostroma-Kirov-Perm highway also passes here. Moreover, there is a regional highway that connects Kirov with Nizhny Novgorod.

Kirov is also one of the largest railway junctions in Russia. It belongs to the Trans-Siberian Railway. From Kirov you can get to Moscow, Vologda, St. Petersburg, Perm, and Nizhny Novgorod without a transfer.

The city has a developed internal transport infrastructure. The total length of city roads exceeds 500 km. There are 5 multi-level interchanges in the village.

The basis of public transport is Kirov buses and trolleybuses. The first trail system was developed in 1934. Currently there are 45 bus routes. The trolleybus sector is less developed. Currently there are only 13 routes operating. The Kirov Employment Center offers free training for bus and trolleybus drivers. However, young people do not want to choose such a profession due to low wages.

Education

Kirov is a fairly large regional center. Ethnic groups here have the opportunity to receive quality education at the same level as the indigenous people. There are more than 100 educational institutions in the city. These are schools, lyceums and gymnasiums. The Center for Additional Education of Gifted Schoolchildren deserves special attention. Work with children is carried out in the following areas: biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. Children can study in absentia. Not everyone can get here. To attend classes, you will first have to pass a competition. Students in grades 7-11 receive additional education.

In Kirov you can also get a high-quality higher education. Vyatka State University was founded in 1963. In 2001, the institution was awarded classical status. The educational institution today unites 75 departments. It is also possible to receive distance learning. The most popular, according to reviews, is the Department of Biology. Many children come here after studying at the center for additional education of gifted students.

You can hear a lot of good reviews about Kirov State Medical University. The first students began studying here in 1987. Now these are talented doctors, thanks to whose work more than one life has been saved. In 1996, a branch of the educational institution was opened in the Komi Republic. There is a faculty of additional and pre-university education here.

The Vyatka State Agricultural Academy operates in Kirov. The most popular is the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and commodity science are trained here.

Healthcare

The area of Kirov is impressive (more than 160 sq. km). It is no coincidence that there are many hospitals of national importance, as well as private clinics. You can hear a lot of good reviews about the city arrhythmology center. This is a government institution where people with cardiovascular diseases can receive quality care. Not only the population of Kirov, but also residents of other Russian settlements are accepted for treatment. If you have a health insurance policy, services are provided free of charge.

The Rosplasma blood plasma processing plant can be considered the pride of Kirov. This is an organization that collects donated blood, further studies and processes donated material. Based on the obtained substances, drugs necessary for the treatment of many diseases are manufactured.

Culture and attractions of Kirov

The composition of Kirov's population is really interesting. Several ethnic groups live here simultaneously. Thanks to this, different cultures are combined. Great attention is paid to folk art. What is the Dymkovo toy worth? This is an artistic craft that involves making decorative items from clay. These are handmade works of art. Each toy is entirely made by one craftsman. Initially, a figurine is molded from clay, which is subsequently fired and can be painted in an original way.

Kirov is well developed culturally. The city's attractions include the Kirov Drama Theater and the State Puppet Theater. The Theater for Young Spectators also deserves attention.

There are more than 10 museums in the city. Visitors should definitely visit the Kirov Museum of Local Lore, the exhibitions of which will tell about the history of the settlement and its cultural values.

Kirov is a beautiful city. Visitors are also recommended to visit the Alexander Garden, the Apollo children's park, Victory Park, and the arboretum. Young tourists may also find the Kirov State Circus interesting, as it operates throughout the year.

Sights of the city of Kirov.

Vyatsky Assumption Trifonov Monastery - when in 1489 Khlynov finally became part of the Moscow state, Ivan the Terrible sent a letter to the city about the construction of a wooden monastery in Khlynov. This happened on June 2, 1580, the monastery was named Trifonov in honor of its founder - St. Tryphon, the Vyatka Wonderworker. In 1689, the Assumption Cathedral of the Trifonov Monastery was built from stone, which has survived to this day. Now it is the most valuable monument of the first stone construction on Vyatka land.

Novodevichy Transfiguration Monastery - founded in 1624 as a convent. The building of the Transfiguration Church of this monastery, built in 1696, which has survived to this day, is an interesting example of Vyatka architecture (now it houses the “School of Higher Sports Excellence”, Dinamovsky Proezd, 6).

The ensemble of the Trinity Church in Makarya, the Gate and the fence - the first buildings were built in 1770, and have not survived to this day. This is due to both the reconstruction of buildings and their destruction. Now we can see the restored version of 1988 (architect of the reconstruction project E.L. Skopin). The church gate is rightfully considered an architectural pearl. They repeated the baroque forms of the temple, harmoniously complementing the unified stylistic concept of the churchyard. In the center of the three-part composition is a high passage arch, completed by a spectacular raising of the converging volutes of the cornice and dome.

Feodorovskaya Church - located on the Green Embankment - almost on the very shore of Vyatka. The first church on the same site was opened in honor of the Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God in 1918. Having survived the revolutionary years, as well as the Great Patriotic War, it was blown up in 1963. In 1974, the city authorities wanted to erect a monument on this holy place in honor of the 600th anniversary of the city of Kirov, but nothing came of it. For more than 30 years, the prayer site was a wasteland. The opening of the modern temple took place on August 25, 2007.

I would also like to highlight the following attractions:

Kirov Drama Theater - the first wooden theater building was built in 1877. The new building that we can see now was built in a very short time in 1935. Its construction was carried out according to the design of Moscow architects Burov and Fedorov. The theater season was opened with the play “Lyubov Yarovaya” in 1939. During the war, the writer Evgeny Schwartz came to Kirov. In Kirov he wrote the plays “One Night” and “The Distant Land”. To date, the theater has performed more than 30 performances for both adult and young audiences.

Drelevsky Street - before the revolution, this street was called Spasskaya. Many historical and cultural objects have been preserved here, representing various eras in the history of not only Vyatka, but also Kirov. Part of the street is pedestrian (starting from the intersection with Lenin Street), and there are shops where you can buy various souvenirs. The possibility of making the entire Drevlevsky Street pedestrian in the likeness of Moscow's Arbat is being discussed.

Park named after S.M. Kirov - here you can just take a walk and feed the ducks, as well as ride the rides near the circus. The park complex includes a circus, a diorama, the Vyatka hotel, a pond and a summer playground with attractions. The park occupies a block between Oktyabrsky Prospekt, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Gorky and Azin streets. Between two ponds in the park there is a small waterfall with two bridges; this place is very popular among newlyweds. The diorama building rises above the upper pond.

A diorama is a museum, inside of which there is a large canvas depicting the events of 1917. The events took place at the intersection of Nikolaevskaya and Spaskaya streets. Now these streets are called Lenin Street and Drevlevsky Street.

A wishing tree with an ear is an architectural structure in the form of a tree on which an ear is located. You can whisper your wishes to this ear. Residents and guests of Kirov often take the opportunity to ask for something from this wonderful hearing aid.

Alexander Garden - founded in 1825 after Alexander I visited Vyatka. It is the central and one of the oldest parks in the Kirov region, which offers an excellent view of the Vyatka River. The entrance portico and cast-iron fence were designed in 1838-1840 according to the design of the Moscow architect Vitberg, who at that time was in exile in Vyatka. The central pavilion and the coastal rotunda were built according to the drawings of the Vyatka provincial architect Alexander Egorovich Timofeev in 1835.

Vyatka Kunstkamera - opened in 1992 in the house of the merchant Senilov. The museum consists of five halls, inside of which there are exhibits reflecting the era of the 19th century and urban life. Visitors can also view collections of watches, artistic metal products, collections of porcelain and earthenware, furniture and clothing attributes.

Alexander's Church - the opening of the church took place on August 31, 1903. Local Catholics had been waiting for this day since 1892, when, at the request of exiled Poles, Vyatka Governor A.F. Anisin, with the approval of the Minister of Internal Affairs, allowed local Catholics to open a prayer house. The temple with a plan in the form of a Latin cross is a single-nave building. The lowered apse and towers flanking the portal, with metal crosses on the light “lanterns”-domes, and the open belfry above the middle cross impart plasticity to the volumetric-spatial construction of the building.

Kirov Puppet Theater named after A.N. Afanasyev - founded in 1935, and is one of the oldest in Russia. In 1941, the theater was headed by actor and director Anatoly Nikolaevich Afanasyev, the founder of the theater dynasty, whose name was given to the theater in 2009. In 2009, a new building was built for the theater.

The A.S. Green Museum was built on the site where the outstanding writer used to live. In the museum you can see exhibits related to the life of the writer. A.S. Green lived in Kirov (Vyatka) in his youth and childhood. The museum’s collection contains items from the 19th – early 20th centuries - furniture, books by A.S. Green’s favorite authors, toys and school supplies.

House-Museum of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - located in the house where M.E. lived from 1848 to 1855. Saltykov-Shchedrin, serving exile in Vyatka. The basis of the museum was the writer’s memorial office. The exhibition recreates the interiors of the mid-19th century. M.E. Saltykov’s personal belongings were not preserved. The museum was opened as a literary museum with a memorial office for the writer, therefore, according to tradition, exhibitions are organized annually to introduce the work of fellow countrymen writers.

Museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, Aviation and Cosmonautics - the museum is located in a building that belonged to the Vyatka merchants Shuravin. Later, the Tsiolkovsky family lived in this house. The museum is dedicated to the life and work of the scientist and founder of astronautics. The museum displays furniture that belonged to the Tsiolkovsky family, as well as household items from the 19th century. You can also look at the personal belongings of cosmonauts and pilots V.P. Savinykh and A.A. Serebrova.

Bulychev's mansion - built in 1911 for the merchant Tikhon Filippovich Bulychev by the architect Ivan Apollonovich Charushin. Located on Lenina Street, 96. This beautiful castle with an openwork cast-iron fence is an example of Gothic architecture. On the façade there are strict double-headed eagles. There is a tower at the corner of the building.

The house of A.Yu.Levitsky is a cottage house built in 1910 according to the design of E.K. Nykvist in the Art Nouveau style. Its shape is reminiscent of residential buildings in England, Holland and the Baltic countries. The provincial doctor Levitsky lived here.

Kirov Museum of Railway Transport - located on Karl Marx Street, house 147. It was opened on the 100th anniversary in honor of the laying of the first railway through Vyatka. In the museum you can get acquainted with the history of the development of railway transport in the Kirov region, and in Russia as a whole. Various exhibits are presented. One of the most interesting is a model of a railway station from the time the first trains appeared. In front of the entrance to the museum is the main exhibit - the steam locomotive Er 788-74.

Dynamo Stadium - Located on Moskovskaya Street, 1 V. Its capacity is 10,000 spectators. It is an open stadium for competitions and mass skating. There are a total of 6 operating stadiums in Kirov. It is also worth highlighting the Rodina stadium, where the nationally known hockey team Rodina plays.

Victory Park - located at the intersection of Lomonosov and Lepse streets. There are cafes, fountains, and various attractions for children and adults. Victory Park was laid out on the site where there once was a village. Many residents of this village took part in the Great Patriotic War.

Botanical Garden - located on Karl Marx Street, 95. The history of this wonderful place began in 1912. Its founder was A.A. Istomin, who bought the land and founded a private Botanical Garden here. The best gardeners, artists and architects of St. Petersburg worked on the project. The main part of the garden was planted in 1913. Most of these are imported plants. In the same year, greenhouses and an intricate pool in the shape of the Black Sea with fountains were built. The grotto from which the spring flows was especially good. Unfortunately, of all this splendor, only the swimming pool remains today. The Kirov Botanical Garden is a real open-air museum that includes many representatives of the plant world and their varieties.

Park named after Yuri Gagarin - originally there was a square on which the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built in 1864. In 1894, the territory was surrounded by a wonderful cast-iron fence and a park was laid out. Unfortunately, the Cathedral was blown up in 1938, and a pile of broken bricks remained in its place for a long time. Then there was a collective farm market, and even later a zoo. This place was now called Revolution Square. In the 60s of the twentieth century, a television center building and a philharmonic society were built here, many attractions appeared, the alleys were landscaped, and the park itself received a new sonorous name.