The history of Tula - the history of the frontier of defense and weapons

Tula
, city in Russia, regional center, cathedral city of the Tula diocese. The area of ​​the city is 187,668 square meters. km, population 496 thousand inhabitants (2009).

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The name of Tula as a city is mentioned in chronicles dating back to 1147. “The Novgorod-Seversky and Kursk appanage prince Svyatoslav Olgovich, 1147, pursued by enemies, his brothers, in desperate courage fought his way through their squads near Karachayev, and disappeared into the forests of the Vyatichi; Here, with the remnants of his squad and wanderers (freemen), he went to collect tribute: from Kozelsk, Tula
, Dedoslavl, Mtsensk, Yelets and Pronsk” [1].

“The time of the founding of Tula is unknown; in history it was mentioned for the first time in 1147 among the cities of the Ryazan land. There is reason to believe that Tula was originally located 15 versts from the current city up the Tulitsa River. In the half of the 14th century, Tula was owned by the Tatar queen Taidula” [2].

Some historians derive the name of the city “Tula” from its consonance with the name of Queen Taidula. “St. Alexy Metropolitan in 1357 healed the blind Queen Taidula in the capital of the Kazan Khanate - Sarai. Due to outrage in the Khidar horde, Taidula, the widow of Chanibek, who had reigned since 1342, was killed in 1360. Consequently, Tula was in the possession of this queen for less than 18 years. The late historiographer Karamzin, carried away by the consonant name of Taidula and Tula, attributed the name of this city to her. Following Karamzin, the late Nikolai Alekseevich Polevoy repeated the same unfair opinion [3]

The compiler of the Church Slavonic dictionary, priest (later archpriest) Grigory Dyachenko, writes in his dictionary: “Tula is named after the Tatar queen Taidula, the wife of Khan Janibek (in the 14th century), whom the holy Metropolitan of Moscow Alexy went to the Horde to treat for an eye disease. However, Tula lies, by the way, along the Tulitsa River...” [4]

The Nikon Chronicle under 1147 says:

“Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich, came to Ryazan, and was in Mtsensk and Tula, and in Dubka, on the Don, and in Yelets, and in Pronsk, and came to Ryazan on the Oka [5], from which it is clear that Tula was part of this time became part of the Ryazan region, and its very existence may have begun somewhat earlier, but since there are no mentions of Tula in the chronicles before 1147, the year 1147 is considered to be the time of its historical birth, and, consequently, the name “ Tula" the city received two hundred years earlier than it was in the possession of the Tatar queen Taidula.

Vladimir Dal, explaining the word “Tula” in his dictionary, writes: “Tula is a secretive, inaccessible place, a backwater, a backwater for protection, shelter, or imprisonment. The name of the city may be related to this” [6]

It must be taken into account that when the Tatar hordes moved towards Moscow, Tula was on their way, first of all took their blows and thus provided some protection for Moscow. Tula seemed to be a fortress. That is why the origin of the name of the city of Tula, according to Vladimir Dahl, should be considered more probable. It is possible that the city began to be called Tula from the name of the Tulitsa River, at the mouth of which (Tulitsa flows into the Upa River) at the end or beginning of the 12th century an oak fort (fortification) was built for military guards. This fort became known as Tula.

I.F. Afremov adheres to the latter opinion. He writes: “The ancient dependence of it (Tula) on Ryazan gives reason to think that the first foundation of Tula was laid by the Ryazan appanage princes, who built an oak fort (fortification) at the confluence of the Tulitsa into the Upa River at the end or beginning of the 12th century, for military guards and collection of taxes from the surrounding forest inhabitants - the ancestors of our Vyatichi. Contrary to all the opinions of archaeologists, the name of Tula undoubtedly came from the Tulitsa river, which begins 30 versts above Tula... like our other cities: Chern, Krapivna, Venev, Kashira and Belyov received names from rivers of the same names, and before they became those cities existed, their rivers already had their own names... Where did the proper names of the rivers come from? This is another etymological question. For example, the name Tulitsa is very conveniently derived from the ancient verb “to tuck”, “to hunker down”, that is, to hide, to hide, meaning that the Tulitsa River, flowing through a dense forest at that time, seemed to be hiding in it” [7].

The most ancient inhabitants of the Tula region were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric language family and the people of the Slavic tribe - the Vyatichi.

Within the current Tula region, the approximate natural boundaries of the ancient Vyatichi were: in the south of the region the Zusha River, in the west and north - the Oka River, on the eastern side - the upper course of the Osetra and from the southwest - the upper course of the Don River.

“The chronicles mention,” writes I. Afremov in his work, “that before the adoption of Christianity by the Kiev Slavs - the Polyans, our ancestor Polyanin Vyatko moved with his family from the wild fields of his homeland to the dense impenetrable forests on the Oka River, where his tribe multiplied under the name Vyatichi, who displaced the Finns, the ancient inhabitants of these places, or partially merged with the aborigines. Until our time, the remaining ancient names of tracts and rivers in the Tula province do not have any meaning in the roots of the Slavic language, and directly indicate Finnish origin, for example, the following rivers: Skniga, Uika, Atysh, Kukovlya, Varada, Turatya, in Finnish they mean: bast shoes, old man, goodbye, full month, near, crayfish (transmitted to me by our late scientist Vasily Alekseevich Levshin). The queen of the Volga rivers herself has a Finnish name and means “holy” [8]. Oka means “straight” [9]. Iago means “soothsayer” [10].

Standing on the Moscow border in the depths of forests, the town of Tula slowly turned into a big city. This slowness is explained by the geographical location of Tula. Being on the way to Moscow, Tula was repeatedly subjected to invasions of the Tatar-Mongols, suffered repeated pogroms, devastation and devastation from the hordes of Batu Khan (1237 -1238), Timur (1348), Mamai (1380), whose hordes were defeated by the Grand Duke of Moscow Dimitri Donskoy in battle on the Kulikovo field in the Tula region; Tokhtamysh (1383), Akhmat (1472), Murza Tukazan (1517), Devlet Giray (1552 and 1571). [eleven]

The year 1592 was especially difficult for Tula, when, during the Tatar invasion of the Moscow state, it was plundered and burned, and many of the population were taken into captivity. The chronicler says about this disaster: “Even the old people have never seen such an unprecedented expulsion.”

Such a dangerous position of Tula forced the Moscow rulers-princes to make Tula a fortified point. “In 1509, Grand Duke Vasily III Ioannovich ordered, without touching the old “fortification”, to lay on the left bank of the Upa a new oak fortress with gates, of which the first were called “Red” and stood at the red, now cast-iron bridge [12], which is near Church of New Nikita or Meeting. From here the fortress was located in the area now occupied by Posolskaya Street; the next gate was called Ilyinsky, at the Church of Elijah the Prophet, then in the wall there was Abramov’s “climb”, i.e. a passage for pedestrians, it was near the place where the Church of St. Nicholas (chapel) now stands. Then there was the “Krapivensky” gate - this is already on Kievskaya Street, where it intersects with Posolskaya. Next there was an ancient earthen rampart, which is why the street was called “Zavalskaya”, and the church of St. Nicholas. The shaft went from the Khomutovka River and then crossed the Upa to the zaseka to the north, and to the south it went along the Kyiv road, also at the zaseka” [13].

All named churches are now closed, and the street names have been replaced by others: Kyiv was renamed Kommunarov Street, now it is called Lenin Avenue; Posolskaya street is called Sovetskaya; Zavalskaya - Pionerskaya.

“Along the banks of the Upa River and up to the Red Bridge there was again an oak wall with towers, two gates (Ivanovsky and Myasnye) and five “pathways” for pedestrians” [14]. This fortress was armed with German and Moscow arquebuses and cannons. In 1514, by order of Grand Duke Vasily III, a stone city was founded inside a wooden fortress - the current Kremlin of Tula. It was built in the likeness of the Moscow Kremlin and was completed in 1521. The Kremlin withstood a terrible siege by the Crimean Tatars, who attacked under the leadership of Khan Devlet-Girey in 1552. In the Forerunner Monastery near the temple in honor of the Beheading of John the Baptist, erected by the Tula people in gratitude to the Lord for salvation and victory, all those who fell in the cruel and glorious battle of June 21-22, 1552 were buried.

The stone Kremlin, built in 1521, has remained in the same form to this day. It is 490 fathoms long, the thickness of the walls is 4 arshins, and the height is from 5 to 6 fathoms. Its gates had the following names: in the middle towards the river. Upe (on the crooked bridge) - Water, from them to the right, in the Kremlin garden, to the bishop's house - Blank tower, under it a cellar; further - the Ivanovo Gate, the Nikitskaya Coal Tower, under which gunpowder was stored and robbers were immediately tortured; then - the Odoevsky Gate, facing Kievskaya Street, the coal-fired Spasskaya Tower, opposite the Church of the Exaltation (now this temple does not exist), a messenger bell hung on it; then - the Pyatnitsky Gate, facing the guest row and the Pyatnitskaya Church, at these gates behind the iron doors military weapons and food supplies were kept in case of a siege... The last round tower stood opposite the Kazan Cathedral (now defunct). The gate and tower were restored in 1684 and 1821” [15].

Currently, work is underway to restore the walls and towers of the Tula Kremlin and the former Assumption Cathedral located inside the Kremlin, as architectural and historical monuments.

The wooden fortress of the Tula Kremlin, after standing for 231 years, was dismantled, the rampart was torn down, the ditches were filled in and compared to the streets.

Since the construction of a wooden fortress inside - a stone city - in 1514-1521. — The Tula Kremlin becomes the center of the city that is beginning to take shape, but still, the danger of the location of the Tula area for a long time did not inspire people to choose a place for permanent residence in this city, which explains the small number of the Tula population in those years. Thus, according to the inventory of 1685, the population in Tula was only 1147 people [16].

After experiencing disasters - invasions of foreigners, civil strife, famine and other difficult times, Tula only became a peaceful city in the middle of the 17th century, after which its population began to increase, and at the same time local industry and trade developed in Tula.

In 1708, Tula was assigned to the Moscow province, in 1719 it was made a provincial city of the same province, and in 1777, after the opening of the Tula governorship, it was made the main city of this governorship. In 1797, the Tula governorate was renamed a province, and the center of this province, i.e. its main city was the city of Tula.

When was Tula founded?

It’s a small town, but a year older than Moscow, they say in Tula. The first mention of Tula in the Nikon Chronicle appears in 1146:

“...Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich came to Ryazan, and was in Mchensk, and in Tula, and in Dubka on the Don.”

Despite historians' doubts about the authenticity of this record, 1146 is considered the year of the founding of Tula . However, the first reliable mention of Tula is contained in the agreement of 1382 between the Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy and the Ryazan Prince Oleg Ivanovich. Since at that time these lands were already under the Horde, this actually meant the decision to transfer Tula to Ryazan. Later, Tula moved from Ryazan to Moscow and back many times, until it finally became part of the Moscow Principality.

Current data

According to Tulastat, 475,161 people live in Tula in 2022. This is 3944 less than in 2022. The reduction is not caused by the pandemic. According to estimates by the Federal Headquarters for Control of COVID-19, 200 people died from coronavirus from March to June. The decrease in numbers this year is due to other reasons.

The main reason is that the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate. In 2018, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova noted that the mortality rate in the region is one of the highest in the country. In the first three months of 2022, 2.4 times more people died than were born. Over the same period in January - March 2022, this figure was 0.2% less. The average age of Tula residents is 43.5 years, in the country as a whole - 41 years.

To improve the demographic situation, it is necessary that at least 3 to 4 children be born in each family within 15 years. But the city is experiencing a decline in the birth rate. Migration to the region will help stabilize the situation.

History of the name Tula

Coat of arms of Tula
The most common version of the origin of the name Tula is from the Tulitsa River , which flows here into the Upa. However, usually names with the diminutive suffix -tsa, on the contrary, were given to rivers by the name of the city. Another version says that the name Tula comes from the word “zatulye,” that is, “a hidden, secluded place.” Some hypotheses trace “Tula” to the Latin Thula - “distant”, but this is clearly a false trail.

The theory of the Turkic origin of the name Tula is interesting. In Old Turkic languages, “tula” means “to take by force, to take away . Perhaps Volga Bulgaria - Moscow's powerful neighbor - seized a small Slavic village by force and built a fortress there.

You can also see the similarity of the hydronym “Tula” with Turkic names: the Tuvan word tulaa means “swamp”, “swamp”, Khakass tula - “swamp hummock”, Shor tula

means "to dam the water." In the Novosibirsk region there is the Tula River (a tributary of the Ob), flowing from a swamp.

Age and sex composition

In the Tula region, according to Rosstat, there are 669,703 men and 809,115 women. In the table you can see the change in the size of the male and female population depending on age. A turning point in the quantitative ratio of men and women occurs after 40 years.

As age increases, the male population decreases. At age 70 and over, the difference is 84,100. By 2024, rising life expectancy for men is expected to narrow the gender gap.

Of the total working age population, there are 425,087 men and 374,235 women. By 2024, the number of workers will increase by 2.5% due to an increase in the retirement age.

Early history of the Tula region

The Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi appeared on the territory of the middle reaches of the Oka in the 7th-9th centuries. They came there along the rivers from the southwest and settled along their banks. By the time these tribes arrived, there was already a Finno-Ugric population living there - the Mordovians, who later dissolved among the Slavic ones. Until now, Finno-Ugric names are found in the names of toponyms and hydronyms, which is typical for all of Zalesskaya Rus'.

The Vyatichi were engaged in hunting and collecting forest products . At first, agriculture was slash-and-burn, so after the soil was depleted, it was necessary to move on. Later, these tribes mastered arable farming and began raising domestic animals. On the farm they used iron axes, plows, and sickles, which indicates developed blacksmithing. The Vyatichi preserved paganism for quite a long time, hiding in deep forests.

Dwelling of the Vyatichi of the 12th century, drawing (author of the reconstruction by A.V. Engovatova)

The Vyatichi lived in half-dugouts, with gable roofs covered with moss rising above the ground. The stove was burning black. Settlements were located at great distances from each other and, as a rule, along river banks. Many villages - settlements - were surrounded by deep ditches and ramparts. Later, the Vyatichi began to build log houses, which were often built on two floors. One of the walls of the log house often served as a fortress wall.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the Vyatichi paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. After the fall of the Kaganate and until the end of the 11th century, their tribes maintained their independence.

Not far from Tula there was the city of Dedilov (now the village of Dedilovo). Many historians believe that this is the legendary capital of the Vyatichi. Apparently, Dedilov was a center of metal production, since there are deposits of iron ore near it, and it was from here that the iron masters were resettled to Tula itself.

In addition, the road to Crimea, Muravsky Way , from where wines, silks and other overseas goods were transported. Subsequently, the city became an important defense center and weapons production center.

Sources of thermal energy[edit]

The most powerful in the municipal heat supply system of the city of Tula are the Zarechenskaya district boiler house, with a capacity of 233 MW/hour (200 Gcal/hour) and the Frunzenskaya district boiler house, with a productivity of 175 MW/hour (150 Gcal/hour). At the Zarechenskaya (ZRK) and Frunzenskaya (FRK) district boiler houses, boilers of the PTVM - 50 type (Direct-flow Heating Water Heating Modernized) manufactured by Dorogobuzhkotlomash are installed.

As part of CJSC Tulateploset, one of the most powerful is the Frunzenskaya District Boiler House (FRK) with a capacity of 174 MW (150 Gcal). It serves the central part of the city, where there is a shortage of thermal power, and at the same time, the available power is often not used effectively enough for a number of objective technical reasons. In addition, underground heating pipelines in this area run through flooded areas, which leads to significant heat loss and corrosion of pipelines. In 1979, three PTVM-50 water heating boilers were installed at the FRC; they are in satisfactory condition. These boilers are mainly operated manually, which leads to excessive fuel consumption. The PRK supplies hot water to 1 central heating point (CHS) and to 121 individual heating points (IHP) installed in houses. Like the Zarechenskaya district boiler house, the FRK has an open water supply for hot water from the heat supply system.

Characteristics of thermal energy sources owned by Tulateploset CJSC

The source of heat supply to the Proletarsky district of Tula from the TPP-PVS OJSC Tulachermet is boiler installation No. 2 and a hot water boiler house.

Characteristics of departmental boiler houses serving urban heat consumers

History of the emergence of the city of Tula

Most likely, the settlement on the site of Tula was founded by the Ryazan princes , who owned these lands in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The settlement was intended for a garrison collecting tribute from the Vyatichi, who lived in the dense surrounding forests. At the confluence of the Tulitsa with the Upa River, an oak fort was erected. Thus, the first fortress stood on the other side of the Upa. V. A. Levshin in “Historical, statistical and desk description of the cities of the Tula province”, published in 1807, writes:

An old settlement at the confluence of Tulitsa and Upa on the opposite bank of the Upa from the modern Kremlin.

And ancient Tula was not in the same place as it was later and where it stands today. In the actual circumference of the city there is a place, to this day called a settlement, of which, however, there are no signs left except the name. This place is located on the right side of the Upa River at the mouth of the Tulitsa River, where there is now an arms factory; the name of the factory church is always accompanied by the word “at the ancient settlement.” Residents of Tula, according to legend, claim that in ancient times there was a city on this site.

Spring in the Tula region

At the beginning of spring, the region experiences fairly cool weather. During the day, the temperature rises on average no higher than 6 degrees Celsius; at night, frosts down to minus 10 degrees are still common. From April the atmosphere begins to warm up more; during the day the thermometer can rise to 15 degrees Celsius. However, cold snaps at night cannot yet be ruled out. There is little precipitation, sunny days are increasingly replacing cloudy weather. As mentioned above, the climate of the Tula region is changing gradually; weather forecasters can quite accurately predict the temperature for the near future. Thus, the last month of spring pleases with warmth and clear skies with enviable regularity. On some days the air can even warm up to 25 degrees!

Tula wooden fort

In 1507,
Moscow Prince Vasily Ivanovich III The new wooden fort was armed with German and Moscow arquebuses and cannons and was completed in 1509.

The fort wall began in the area of ​​the current Zarechensky Bridge. There was the Nikolsky Gate. Then the wall ran along the line of modern Sovetskaya Street to the Krapivenskaya Tower (the current intersection with Lenin Avenue). The Krapivensky Gate is a huge hexagonal four-tier tower 13.8 m high and 7.6 m in diameter with an observation tower on a hipped roof. The other towers of the fort were three-tiered square, about 9 meters high. All travel towers had observation towers, but blind towers did not. Adjacent to the wooden walls was a ditch about 10 m wide and 2.5 m deep.

Krapivensky Gate of the Tula fort

earthen rampart of Zavitai, 4.5 m high and about 8 m wide, began from the Krapivensky Gate The passages in it were protected by three chopped wooden towers 6.7 m high, square at the base. The shaft ran along Zavalskaya Street (now Sovetskaya) and ended at the shore of the Upa River with the Trinity Gate. From here the oak wall began again, which ran along the entire bank of the Upa to the Nikolsky Gate.

The Posad wooden fortifications of Tula have long been the border of the city and served as a home for all Tula residents. They stood until 1741 , when the walls were dismantled due to dilapidation, and the earthen ramparts were torn down.

TULA

TULA, city in Russia, adm. center of the Tula region and mountains districts. Us. 487.8 thousand people (2015). Located on the river. Upa. Junction of railways and roads.

The city originally emerged in the 12th century. 17 km from the center of modern. city ​​(now the settlement of Old Tula near the village of Torhovo; the settlement is on the site of the Vyatichi settlement of the 9th–10th centuries). The settlement (110×75 m) is surrounded by a rampart and a moat; among the finds are spurs from the 15th century, book clasps, and a crossbow gear. Probably, the mention of T. under 1146 in the Nikon Chronicle ser. 16th century (a number of historians consider this a late insertion into the text of the protograph). It was part of the Chernigov principality, located at strategically important fords across the Tulitsa and Sinetulitsa rivers on the way from the steppe to the North-East. Rus' (Muravsky Way). All R. 13th century T. fell under the rule of the khans of the Golden Horde. According to V.L. Egorov, in the 14th century. was the personal possession of Taidula, the wife of Khan Uzbek. In the agreement (2.8.1381) led. book Vladimirsky and Moscow. book Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy with lead. book Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich is mentioned as the possession of Moscow. princes. After Tokhtamysh's raid in 1382 or in 1385 (in exchange for captured Kolomna) it was transferred to the Ryazan principality. Probably under contract. book Ryazansky Ivan Fedorovich and led. book Lithuanian Vytautas 1427 went to Vel. Prince of Lithuania, by 1434 she was again in the sphere of influence of the leader. princes of Ryazan. In the 2nd half. 15th century finally came under the authority of the leader. princes of Moscow. A tree was laid in 1508/09. fortress.

In the 1st quarter 16th century the city was moved to the present day. place. In 1514–20 ital. craftsmen built a stone Kremlin. T. became the center of defense of the south. borders Rus. state, a large regiment of the Ukrainian (2nd half of the 16th century) and Bolshoi (1st half of the 17th century) ranks were based here; the Tula governors were entrusted with the leadership of the one created in the middle. 16th century A large serif (see Art. Serifs). 21–23.6.1552 withstood the siege of the troops of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey I. In the 2nd half. 16th century Zemlyanoy City was built around the Kremlin in the 1590s. ramparts from the north and south (“Zavitai”) connected it with the abatis. In the 16th–18th centuries. a major center of pottery production (about 100 forges from the Goncharnaya Sloboda have been excavated). In 1595, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Kuznetskaya (Armory) settlement was formed in T. from craftsmen who made their own hands. From the end 16th century (especially from the late 17th – early 18th centuries) T. is one of the largest centers in Russia for the production of metal products and weapons. During the Time of Troubles in June 1605, False Dmitry I was in T., in June - Oct. 1607 defended against governments. The rebel troops will not conclude. stage of the Bolotnikov uprising 1606–07. In 1632 - 1st quarter. 18th century Gorodishchensky factories operated near T. In the last third 17 – 1st floor. 18th centuries a number of people from the Armory Sloboda of T. became organizers of the growth. ironworker industry in the Urals and in the Center. Russia and the largest factory owners (among them are the Demidovs, Batashevs, Mosolovs). From last Thursday 17th century center for the production of Tula gingerbread (mentioned since 1685). All R. 1690s N.D. Demidov founded the Demidov Tula plant. In 1712, by decree of Tsar Peter I, the first state government in Russia was founded. Tula arms factory. The district (from 1708) and provincial (1719–77) city of Mosk. lips Center of the Tula province (1777–1929; until 1796 Tula governorship). One of the largest industrial and shopping centers Center. Russia. Since 1778 ch. center for the production of samovars, since the 1830s. – Tula harmonica. Traffic on the railways passing through the railway is open. lines Serpukhov - Tula (1867), Tula - Kursk (1868), Vyazma - Pavelets and Protopopovo - Tula (both 1874), Tula - Likhvin (1905).

Sov. power was established on December 7(20), 1917. In Civil. war 1917–22 T. – Ch. weapons production base for the Red Army. District (since 1929) and district (1929–30) center of Moscow. region (1929–37). Since 1937 the center of the Tula region. In 1940, permanent railway traffic was opened. line Tula - Sukhinichi. During the Battle of Moscow 1941–42 the city was besieged by Germany. troops, was bombed by Germany. Air Force, but was not captured. Hero City (1976). Center of the mountains districts (since 2014).

Tula. View of the Kremlin. Photo by I. Garbuzov / garbuzov-photo.ru

The old part of the city is built up primarily. according to a radial semicircular layout [plans of 1779, with the participation of architect. Andrey V. Kvasov (see Kvasov); 1824, architect. V.I. Geste] with a rectangular Kremlin on the left bank of the Upa. On the territory of the Kremlin there is a 4-pillar, 5-domed Assumption Cathedral (1762–64; paintings - 1765–66, Yaroslavl masters Soplyakovs, Ikonnikovs, Gorins, under the direction of A. A. Shustov), ​​connected by a passage with a bell tower (1772–76; destroyed in the 1930s, restored in 2012–14), Epiphany Cathedral in the Russian-Byzantine style (1855–62). Nearby - formerly. Assumption Women's Monastery (mentioned since 1649; closed in 1921) from Preobrazhenskaya Church. (ca. 1835–42, architect V.F. Fedoseev) and the Assumption Cathedral in the Russian style (1899–1902, architect E.V. Skavronsky).

Tula. Nikolo-Zaretsky Church. 1730–34. Photo by A. V. Pechka

Numerous have survived. temples: on the left bank of the Upa - the Church of the Annunciation (1692), the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God (1705–12), the Prophet Elijah (1739–1760), St. Nicholas on Rzhavets (1749–70), the Intercession (1765), the Cathedral of All Saints (1773 –76, built in 1788–97, architect K. S. Sokolnikov; bell tower – 1833–63, architect V. F. Fedoseev), Church of Saints Florus and Laurus (1772–96; bell tower - 1830), rotundal of the Apostles Peter and Pavel (1833–36, Fedoseev); neo-gothic Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul (1894–1896, architect E. V. Skavronsky). On the right bank of the Upa: baroque churches - Nikolo-Zaretskaya (1730–34, rebuilt in the 1770–80s; bell tower 18th century), Nativity of Christ (1732), Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles (1757–69), Ascension (1754–87); Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1789–92), Spasskaya (1807), St. Sergius of Radonezh (1896–98), Old Believer Annunciation Church. in neo-Russian style (1912–14). In the northeast of the city is the Shcheglovsky Holy Mother of God Monastery. (1868, closed in 1921, revived in 1991; Cathedral of the Icon of the Mother of God “Mammal,” 1860–64, architect A. G. Bocharnikov; Church of St. Nikandra, 1886–89). To the north outskirts - Mother of God of the Nativity women's monastery. in Gorelki (2000; Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, 1781).

Buildings 18 – beginning 20th centuries: Armory yard (1712–18, rebuilt in 1786–87 and 1835–43), residential buildings of the 3rd quarter. 18 – 1st floor. 19 centuries), etc. Among other buildings: the Hammer and Sickle Palace of Culture (1929) and the Metalworkers' Club [1930, architect. I. A. Golosov (see Golosov)] in the style of constructivism. According to the general plan of 1971, the square was created. Lenin with the House of Soviets (1975–83). Monuments to: A. S. Pushkin (1899), Peter I (1912, both by sculptor R. R. Bach), S. I. Mosin (1958, sculptor V. I. Mukhina), V. V. Veresaev (1958) , L.N. Tolstoy (1973), etc.

Tula Regional Philharmonic. The building of the former Noble Club (1911–12, architect I. A. Ivanov-Shits).

Among scientific institutions - Center. design and research bureau of sports and hunting weapons (1946), Center. Research Institute of Control Systems (1969). Universities: state university (history dates back to 1930; current status since 1995), state. pedagogical University named after L. N. Tolstoy (1938; current status since 1995), branches of Moscow. universities Regional libraries: universal scientific (1833), children's (1955), special for the blind (1955). Archive of the Tula region. (1778). State museum of weapons (1873). The association “Historical, Local Lore and Art Museum” (history dates back to 1919, modern name from 1995) includes 15 museums, including “Tula Kremlin”, “Tula Samovars” (1990), V. V. House-Museum Veresaeva (1992), Historical and Memorial Museum of the Demidovs (founded in 1996). State military-historical and the Kulikovo Field natural museum-reserve (1996; includes 4 branches, including the Museum and Exhibition, 1993).

Theatres: dramas named after. M. Gorky (1777; building - 1970), dolls (1937), "Hermitage" (1972, since 1992 municipal, since 2010 modern name; dramatic), Chamber dramatic (1999). Regional Philharmonic (1945, founded in 1937 as a concert bureau) named after. I. A. Mikhailovsky (since 2000). In its composition: state. choir (founded in 1943, philharmonic since 1945), Russian orchestra. adv. instruments "Tula" (founded in 1988), Governor's Brass Band (founded in 1935, since 2002 its current name), Opera Studio (1994), folk ensemble "Uslada" (1998), etc.; 2 halls - in the former buildings. Noble Club (since the early 1970s; building in the neoclassical style, 1911–12, architect I. A. Ivanov-Shits) and the former. Assembly of the Nobility (since 2013; building – 1849–51, architect V.F. Fedoseev). Since 2011, the annual International street theater festival "Theater Yard".

Popular sports: football - the Arsenal club (1946) hosts opponents in the same game. stadium (over 20 thousand seats); cycling – one of the oldest cycling tracks in the country (1896).

The largest industrial center of the region. The most developed are ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, production of building materials, and the food and beverage industry. Leading metallurgists enterprises: Tulachermet (one of the Russian leaders in the production and export of cast iron), Kosogorsky Metallurgical. plant (high-purity blast furnace iron, ferromanganese, industrial and artistic castings), Evraz Vanadium Tula (the largest Russian producer of vanadium pentoxide, ferrovanadium grades 50 and 80, flux-cored wire). A steelmaking complex with rolling production is under construction (2016). Basic specialization in mechanical engineering. enterprises - production of defense products: high-precision weapon systems and complexes, cartridges (enterprises of the holding company "NPO "High-Precision Complexes" of the state corporation "Rostec": Design Bureau of Instrument Engineering named after Academician A. G. Shipunov, Central Design Bureau of Equipment Engineering, "Tulatochmash" ", "Tulamashzavod", "Shcheglovsky Val", Tula Arms Plant, Cartridge Plant), high-precision art. ammunition (enterprises of the holding "Concern "Machine-Building Technologies" of the state corporation "Rostec": N.-I. Technological Institute, machine-building plant "Stamp" named after B. L. Vannikov, "Splav"), radar. , radio navigation equipment (NPO Strela - part of the Almaz-Antey Concern VKO), electroacoustic. converters and headsets (Oktava OKB; also produces studio microphones and hearing aids). There are enterprises producing track equipment, bridge and gantry cranes, agricultural products. machinery, equipment for metallurgy, oil and gas industry, pumps, electrical engineering. products, shut-off and control valves. Among the leading manufacturers of building materials is house building. plant (reinforced concrete products), brick factory (ceramic brick). Production of rubber products and knitwear, footwear. The largest enterprises in the food-flavoring industry: a dairy plant, confectionery factories “Old Tula” and “Yasnaya Polyana” (both produce Tula gingerbread cookies), and the Baltika-Tula brewery.

Near T. - State. memorial and natural reserve "Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana".

Stone Tula Kremlin

Market near the Tula Kremlin
In 1514, they began to build a “stone city” inside the fort. Its shape is extremely simple - a simple quadrangle. The foundation and lower part were made of white stone, the top was completed with brick. Perhaps there was not enough white stone, so they put more of it in some places and less in others.

The style of the city already shows the strong influence of Italian craftsmen , who are believed to have been brought there from Moscow after the construction of the Moscow Kremlin. The length of the walls of the Tula Kremlin is a little more than a kilometer, the height of the walls is 10 meters. All 9 towers have been preserved, 4 of them are round, the rest are square.

Migration

Tula is one of the economically developed cities of Russia, a large industrial and scientific center. People come to live from the former republics of the USSR and from some neighboring regions with lower incomes: Yaroslavl, Oryol, Kaluga regions.

The figures for migration between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are as follows:

• 3226 arrived, 3440 Tula residents left for another area.
• In the first 3 months of 2022, 10,294 people arrived, 9,731 left, the increase was 563.
• Migration external to the region: 6391 arrivals and 5828 departures.
• Population growth due to migration with the CIS countries in 2020 amounted to 700 people, 77 people from other foreign countries.
• There were fewer relocations within the region by 799 people (17.0%).
• 88% of Tula residents leaving remain in the Central Federal District, mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region, 3.4% move to the Northwestern Federal District, 3.2% to the Southern Federal District, 2.3% to the Volga Federal District and 0.9% to the Ural Federal District.

Current data on population migration is posted on the Tulstat website.

Border town of Tula

Alarm at a border guard in the 16th century.
Engraving from the 19th century Tula for a long time remained a Golden Horde ulus, apparently independent of Moscow. Then, after the fall of the Golden Horde, Tula became an outpost on the border with the former parts of the Horde: the Crimean, Astrakhan and Kazan khanates.

Beyond Tula, the Great Steppe , along which mobile detachments moved freely, ravaging settlements. When the advanced guards in the steppe warned about the appearance of detachments, the warriors went to the banks of the Oka. Starting from 1569, they had to go to the Oka every year. After the Annunciation, regiments “horsed, crowded and armed” stood in the cities of Serpukhov, Tarusa, Kashira, Kaluga, Kolomna and stood guard. If there was no invasion during the summer, then in the fall the detachments went to winter quarters. In winter, the border was not so carefully guarded, since at this time of year the steppes were impassable for horsemen.

The line of defense ended in Kolomna, since in those places it was impossible to ford the river. From Kolomna to Kaluga, all fords were guarded and stakes were driven into their bottom.

Climate of the Tula region briefly: basic information

The Tula region is a territory of a temperate continental climate zone, so the weather in this region is quite comfortable for living throughout the year. The winter months are often snowy, without severe frosts and temperature fluctuations. Summers are pleasantly warm, with moderate rainfall and mostly partly cloudy skies. As for spring and autumn, these seasons also do not cause much inconvenience to local residents. The temperature changes gradually, warming gradually replaces cold and vice versa. Therefore, the climate of the Tula region can be called favorable for life. This is celebrated by both the indigenous population and guests of the region.

Tula Serif Line

Scheme of the Tula zasek line
Simultaneously with the construction of the Tula Kremlin and Ostrog, the construction of grand lines of fortifications began - zasek . They consisted of a number of fortified cities, interconnected by a continuous series of ramparts and ditches, and in areas of dense forest - abatis. In forest areas from 50 to 100 meters wide, trees were cut down and thrown towards the enemy, but they were not cut off from the roots. The tops of these trees were pointed, and the branches were woven and tied with bark ropes. It was impossible to remove such a rubble. It was very difficult to cross it, not only on horseback, but also on foot. Fortified towers with gates were placed in the passages.

The raid of the Crimean Khan Safat-Girey in 1638 forced the acceleration of work on the repair of fortifications on the Tula abatis line . Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the Tula fence was extended from Odoev through Kozelsk and Likhvin to Przemysl, and on the other side - from Venev to Ryazan. Under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (brother of Peter I), the crossing was lengthened again, and it began to pass through Krapivna and Kashira. From Tula to Venev, the serif line was doubled for additional protection of the Muravsky Way, along which the detachments most often moved.

Siege of Tula by Khan Giray and salvation of the city

In the 16th century, the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray besieged Tula five times . The siege of 1552 was especially difficult.

The icon “Blessed is the army of the heavenly King,” painted in memory of the campaign of 1552.

In 1552, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible went to Kazan, and the ally of the Kazan Khan, Devlet Giray, decided to disrupt this campaign and go behind the Russian army. The Russian army, which included the Tula garrison, was already in Kolomna by that time. Only a few hundred warriors remained in the city. On Devlet Giray’s side there were 30 thousand people, including powerful Turkish artillery and selected detachments of Turkish Janissaries. There was very little chance of holding the city with militia forces against a professional army.

On June 21, 1552, the enemy approached the Tula Kremlin and besieged it. However, governor Vasily Ivanovich Tyomkin-Rostovsky acted decisively. He sent to Kolomna for help and, together with the city residents, began to organize defense.

Since it became clear that the threat was great and the Crimean army did not undertake an ordinary raid, but was seriously planning to take the city, Ivan the Terrible immediately sent significant forces to Tula: a regiment of the right hand of the Kazan army, led by princes P.M. Shchenyatev and A.M. Kurbsky. A detachment of Princes Pronsky and Khilkov was sent from Roslavl, and a detachment of Prince Vorotynsky was sent from Kolychev. The rest of the army, led by Ivan the Terrible himself, was supposed to follow them.

On June 22, the Crimean army stormed the Tula Kremlin . The Turks' siege weapons threw red-hot cannonballs, causing a fire to start in the city. After the first blows, the Janissaries rushed to the assault and, whooping and screaming, climbed the walls using ladders. For eight hours, until darkness, the city's residents held the line. Women and children extinguished fires and brought stones, boiling water and resin to the walls.

As darkness fell, Devlet Giray took a break. The city's defenders did not leave the city walls and remained there all night. The next morning, the Crimean army again launched an assault. But then the exhausted Tula residents saw clouds of dust on the Kashira tract behind the Shcheglovskaya outpost. Help came on time!

Not expecting such a quick approach of troops, the Crimean army lifted the siege and began to retreat. Noticing the beginning of the enemy's retreat, the Tula residents decided to launch a sortie, which led to panic in the enemy camp:

“And they all rushed towards the godless and came out of the city, not only the governor and warriors and all the men and wives took courage and young children and many Tatars under the hail, they beat and the Tsar’s brother-in-law killed Prince Kambirdei and the outfit of a cannon and balls and arrows and a lot of potions, but the destruction of the hail brought by taking over Orthodoxy.”

The taken cannons and gunpowder were later useful during the capture of Kazan. Devlet Giray besieged Tula several more times, but never took it, and was subsequently defeated in the Battle of Molodi near Moscow in 1572.

Enterprises and work in Tula

Since ancient times, Tula has been known as a city of gunsmiths. Of course, this fact left a significant imprint on the appearance of the city and the citizens living in it. Today Tula is known throughout the world as a major center of weapons crafts and the metalworking industry.

A special place in the structure of the city's industry is occupied by such industries as metallurgy and mechanical engineering, metalworking. The food industry is quite well developed. Enterprises belonging to the Russian defense complex also operate within the city (for example, Tula KBP, Strela Research Institute).

View of the Tula Arms Factory and the Kremlin

One of the largest enterprises in the machine-building complex is the Tula Mashzavod, which today produces various weapons for the defense of Russia. Widely known in Russia and specializing in the production of various types of cast iron, synthicom and granular filler, crushed stone.

Small business is also quite well developed in the city (today, about six thousand commercial enterprises are registered in Tula). About two hundred thousand city residents are involved in small businesses. Most of these enterprises are engaged not only in the production and sale of goods and services, they also conduct various developments and carry out interesting research work (today, 16 fairly large Tula enterprises specialize in development). Almost everywhere in the city, active construction of retail and office buildings is underway, where shops and branches of various companies are opening.

Tula enterprises also actively cooperate with their foreign colleagues from 70 countries, supplying goods for export and import. Thus, the majority of exports are made up of ferrous metallurgy products, and imports are made up of consumer goods and products produced by enterprises of the machine-building complex.

The tourism business is very well developed in Tula. So, today there are about 140 travel companies, 14 hotels, many restaurants and interesting cafes operating within the city.

Gostiny Dvor shopping center

The largest shopping centers in the city are Paradise, Gostiny Dvor, and Rio. In Tula there are also hypermarkets “Metro”, “Line”, “Spar”, and many different construction and furniture centers.

Tula. Intercity

The central market (Kaminsky Street) and the shopping centers located on its territory are especially popular. There are also quite a few food markets in Tula.

Streets of Tula and their history

The streets of Tula keep the memory of how the city lived. The streets Dulnaya, Stvolnaya, Liteynaya, Zavarnaya, Shtykovaya, Lozhevaya, Kurkovaya - using these names you can reconstruct the process of creating weapons. The craftsmen lived in unique workshops - settlements . Each settlement specialized in individual parts.

Tula from Zarechye. 16th century.

Mostly such workshops were located in Zarechye, an area beyond Upa. Chulkovskaya Sloboda was the second district after Zarechye where there was a developed weapons production. It turned out that if in Chulkovo there was a similar “workshop” as in Zarechye, then the street was called the same. So, at one time in Tula there were two Bayonet and two Zavarnaya streets.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Chulkovskaya Shtykovaya was renamed Garmonnaya, since by that time craftsmen in Chulkovo were already making the famous Tula accordions. Moreover, the manufacturing principle remained the same: all accordion players had their own specialization. Block makers made covers for accordions, valve makers made valves, riveters made playing plates and riveted reeds, furriers made bellows, and assemblers assembled accordions and covered them with paintings. Handicraft, almost underground production of accordions persisted in Chulkovo until the 80s of the twentieth century, despite the fact that the Bayannaya factory .

The streets of the Central District, unfortunately, did not retain their previous names and went through three waves of renaming.

The first wave of renamings occurred at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries - even before the revolution. The growth of patriotic consciousness led to the appearance in Tula of such streets as Gogolevskaya, Turgenevskaya, Zhukovsky, Pushkinskaya, Pirogova.

The second wave occurred in the revolutionary 1920s. Then, in many other cities, streets were massively renamed in honor of revolutionary events and figures. This is how the streets of Bolotnikov, Dzerzhinsky, Zhores, Kaminsky, Pervomaiskaya, Pionerskaya, Rosa Luxemburg, Demonstrations of 1903 and others appeared. There were even streets with strange names like MOPR Street.

The third wave swept after the Great Patriotic War. They were associated with the Victory in this war and various anniversaries. This is how Oboronnaya, Klyueva, Kaulya, Divisionnaya, and Lozinsky appeared in Tula.

But the fourth wave of renaming and the return of old names in the 90s bypassed Tula. Only a few objects were renamed. The former Kaluga Square, which was Chelyuskintsev Square in Soviet times, became Krestovozdvizhenskaya Square in 2007. But Lenin Avenue remained on the map of Tula - the former Kommunarov Street, the former Kyiv, the former Krapivenskaya. At the same time, there is also Lenin Street in Tula. This is how the city lives with its strange names. Who today will remember that MOPR is the International Organization for Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution, a communist charitable organization created by decision of the Comintern? And who will remember what kind of demonstration there was in 1903?

Song of the Streets of Tula (Tula Oboronnaya)

The streets of Tula became the theme of the song that became the Anthem of Tula.

Information

The region includes 103 municipalities, 19 municipal districts, 23 urban-type settlements and 54 rural settlements. The area of ​​Tula is 1495.6 sq.m., density is 368.8 people per 1 sq.m.

A large number of enterprises of the chemical and metallurgical industry are concentrated here: Machine-Building, OJSC Tula Cartridge, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise State Scientific and Production Enterprise Basalt, OJSC Tulachermet and a number of other large factories. This is one of the most developed industrial regions of the Central Federal District. The city's environmental problems are associated with the high density of industrial enterprises.

The newspaper Arguments and Facts provided data on emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Industrial enterprises emitted 106.63 thousand tons into the atmosphere in 2022, an increase of 2.5% compared to 2022. The most harmful emissions (59.2%) were recorded in Tula. Some enterprises dump production waste into the river.

The region ranks 32nd in terms of living standards in the Russian Federation. The growth of household incomes is projected to be higher than the average for the Central Federal District due to economic growth and increased investment.

History of the Arms Factory in Tula

Demidov and Tula

Peter I receives guns from Demidov in Tula.
© Artist Naumkin V.A., 2009 No one knows exactly how Nikita Demidov (then Akinfiev) met Tsar Peter I. According to one legend, Nikita Demidov became known to the Tsar after he repaired clerk Shafirov’s German pistol. It took a long time to fix it: three whole days. When Shafirov was ready to tear the master to pieces, he handed over the pistol - it was like new! It turned out that it was indeed new - an exact copy of the broken one. And, of course, he also repaired the German pistol.

Shafirov told Peter about the miracle master, and Peter, passing through Tula, looked into Nikita’s forge. I liked Nikita Petru. He first ordered him guns and cannons for the Northern War. Demidov's cannons and rifles were not inferior to foreign ones, but were cheaper. In 1701, the tsar ordered the demarcation of state-owned lands and forests for coal mining into Demidov's ownership. He also gave Demidov permission to buy land and serfs to work in factories.

And then he once asked if he wouldn’t fix the Ural factories like he fixed the pistol? Demidov accepted this gift more as a burden than as good luck. He finally repaired the Verkhoturye iron factories But Nikita Demidov’s soul remained in Tula. There he was buried in the Nikolo-Zaretsky Church. Now on this site near the Tula Weapons Museum there is the Demidov Pantheon-Museum and a monument to the famous master. And the monument to Pyotr Alekseevich stands opposite, near the State Arms Plant.

Nationalities

People of different nationalities live in Tula:

• Russians make up the majority - 95.2%.
• Ukrainians - 1.33%.
• Tatars - 0.54%.
• Armenians - 0.39%.
• Belarusians - 0.36%.
• Germans - 0.28%.
• Moldovans - 0.14%.
• Tajiks - 0.12%.

A small percentage of Azerbaijanis, Gypsies, Jews, Georgians, Vietnamese, Lezgins. Due to the arrival of migrants from the CIS countries, the percentage composition of the population is changing.