Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is being turned into a “pole of growth”

City in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur

(Russian: Nikolaevsk-on-Amur,
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
) is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia located on the Amur River close to its estuary into the Pacific Ocean. Population: 22,752 (2010 Census);[2]28,492 (2002 Census);[9]36,296 (1989 Census).[10]

Story

Medieval and early modern history

During the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower reaches of the Amur (Nivkhsky, Oroch, Evenki) were known in China as the “wild Jurchens”. Yuan Dynasty The Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye to using the region as a base to attack Japan or to defend against the Sakhalin Ainus. According to the History of the Yuan, in 1264 the Nivkhs recognized Mongol rule. In 1263, the Mongols established the "Command Post of the Marshal of the Eastern Campaign" near the modern settlement of Tyur, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) upstream from today's Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Around the same time, a temple was built on the rock of Tire.[11][12]

From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch Ishikha, a man of Haixi Jurchen origin, led four large missions to win the allegiance of the "Jurchen" tribes along the Songhua and Amur rivers. At this time, the Yongning Temple was built in Tire and steles with inscriptions were erected.[11]

Russian period

View of Nikolaevsk, approx.
1900 Russian settlement, probably preceded by the Manchu village of Fuyori,[13] was founded as the Nikolaev Post Office by Gennady Nevelskoy on August 13, 1850[ citation needed

] and named after Tsar Nicholas I.[14]

The village quickly became one of the main economic centers of the Pacific coast of the Russian Empire. It became Russia's main Pacific harbor (replacing Petropavlovsk) in 1855 after the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854. It received city status and was renamed Nikolaevsk-on-Amur in 1856, when Primorsky Oblast was established.[ citation needed

] Admiral Vasily Zavoiko supervised the construction of a naval base in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

The city developed into an important trading port; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by sandbanks in the Amur Estuary and sea ice, the port became unusable for five months of the year, and the main Russian shipping operations in the Pacific were moved to Vladivostok in the early 1870s. The city remained the administrative center of this region until 1880, when the governor moved to Khabarovsk. Anton Chekhov, who visited the city during his trip to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid decline in population, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of the salmon fishery.

During the Russian Civil War in 1917-1922. The city's population dropped from 15,000 to 2,000 as a local partisan leader, later executed by the same Bolsheviks he was supposed to be associated with, razed the entire city and exterminated the minority of the Japanese population along with most of the Russian population.

Around 1940 the Gulag System was located in the city.[15]

Like many other places in the Russian Far East, the city's population has declined since the collapse of the Soviet Union, falling from 36,296 residents recorded in the (1989 Census),[10] to 22,772 in 2010.[2]

Map

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur: photo from space (Google Maps) Nikolaevsk-on-Amur: photo from space (Microsoft Virtual Earth)

a brief description of

Located on the left bank of the Amur, 80 km from its confluence with the Amur Estuary, 583 km from the railway. Komsomolsk-on-Amur station, 977 km northeast of Khabarovsk. River and sea port.

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is the industrial and cultural center of the Northern Amur region.

Territory (sq. km): 50

Information about the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur on the Russian Wikipedia site

Historical sketch

Founded in 1850 by the Russian navigator Admiral G.I. Nevelskoy as a military-administrative settlement (Nikolaevsky post, name in honor of Emperor Nicholas I (1796-1855)), which, thanks to its convenient geographical location, quickly acquired important economic and political significance on the Pacific coast. In 1855, the port was moved here from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The city of Nikolaevsk since 1856. In 1858-1880. — regional center of the Primorsky region.

In 1872-73 the port was moved to Vladivostok.

At the end of the 19th century. Nikolaevsk is the center of the Uda district of the Primorsky region, there were 328 private houses, 40 state houses, 2 churches.

During the civil war, fierce battles took place on the territory of Nikolaevsk; in July 1920, it was burned by partisans, and subsequently rebuilt. In 1926 it was renamed Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Until 1929 it was a district town, until 1934 it was the center of the Nikolaev district, in 1934 it was the center of the Lower Amur region.

Municipal indicators

Data sources:

1. Regions of Russia. Main characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: statistical collection. Goskomstat of Russia. - M:, 2003.

Economy

Leading industries: servicing the fishing industry and ship repair. Food industry enterprises (fish processing plant, sausage factory, etc.).

Potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown in the Nikolaev region. Poultry farming, meat and dairy cattle breeding.

Deposits of gold, brown coal, iron ore, alunites, zeolites, building materials.

Main enterprises

NON-FERROUS METALLURGY

LLC "Mnogovershinny"
682449, Khabarovsk Territory, Nikolaevsky district, town Mnogovershinny,
Offers:
Extraction of precious metals

SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY

OJSC "Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Shipyard"
682430, Khabarovsk Territory, Nikolaevsky District, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, st.
Sovetskaya, 126 Offers:
ship repair

AVIATION TRANSPORT

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur United Air Squadron
682430, Khabarovsk Territory, Nikolaevsky District, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Airport
Offers:

Culture, science, education

Museum of Local Lore.

At the Nikolaev Naval School in 1858-65. studied by Admiral S.O. Makarov. Travelers N.M. visited the city. Przhevalsky, V.K. Arsenyev; writers A.P. Chekhov, A.A. Faddeev. The creator of the first Russian aircraft, A.F., served in the city. Mozhaisky, polar explorer G.Ya. Sedov.

Obelisk (1915) and monument (1950) to G.I. Nevelsky.

Museums, galleries, exhibition halls

Intersettlement Museum of Local Lore named after. V.E. Rozova Nikolaevsky municipal district 682460, Khabarovsk region, Nikolaevsky district, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, st. Sovetskaya, 71 Phone(s): (42135) 2-32-47

Administrative and municipal status

Within the structure of administrative units, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Nikolaevsky District,[3] although it is not part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is registered separately as a city of regional significance of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur

- an administrative unit with a status equal to that of a district.[1]
As a municipal entity, the city of regional significance Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is part of the Nikolaevsky municipal district as the Urban settlement of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
.[5]

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur

(Khabarovsk region)

OKATO code:
08414
Founded:
1850
City since:
1856 City of district subordination (Nikolaevsky district, Khabarovsk Territory)
Center:
Nikolaevsky district
The city was formerly called:

Deviation from Moscow time, hours:
7
Geographic latitude:
53°09′
Geographic longitude:
140°44′
Altitude above sea level, meters:
30 Sunrise and sunset times of the Sun and Moon in the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur

Climate

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur on the border of a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb

), almost cold enough to be a subarctic climate (
DFC
). Precipitation in winter is not as low as in most of Siberia, since the coast is on the verge of the influence of the Aleutian Low. The coastal location softens winters only slightly—by 5 °C (9.0 °F) compared to inland Siberia, but makes summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June), although Oyashio fog is less common than on Sakhalin itself, and therefore the sun hours are much longer.

Gallery

• Seaport Administration
• The air port was built in 2015
• The airport was built in 2015
• Mass grave of 3 16th Army officers killed in the line of duty, with headstone
• View from the square
• Town Square
• Postal building built in 1905
• Stone Temple
• Cinema Modern is now a museum named after. V.E. Rozova.
• Cinema "Rodina
• The Sailors' Club is now a grocery store.
• Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Lighthouse
• View of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur from the ski resort
• Nikolaevsk-on-Amur night view of Lunacharsky street
• Monument to G.I. Nevelsky on the embankment
• Monument to the 7th crew of the Naval School
• Nonstop Flight Monument

Far Eastern Khatyn

The years of the Civil War and intervention brought the city into a state of complete economic ruin, hunger, and poverty. In 1918, Japanese intervention began. At the beginning of December 1919, a partisan detachment under the command of 23-year-old Yakov Tryapitsyn descended along the Amur to Nikolaevsk. Among the members of the detachment there were many former criminals who had escaped from the Sakhalin penal servitude and were engaged in robberies in the taiga.

It was their detachment that Nikolaevsk was burned to the ground, and its population exterminated or expelled. But the city rose from the ashes and was rebuilt.

The regimental priest Rafail Voetsky suffered martyrdom at the hands of Tryapitsyn’s gang. According to eyewitnesses, he behaved with extraordinary dignity, which amazed even his tormentors.

The Red Army soldiers themselves claimed that “during his torment they could not get a scream or a groan, and only when he lost consciousness did they break out of him. When his suffering reached its highest degree, he asked for a drink, which, as the Red Army soldiers said, was not denied to him” (from the book of eyewitness Konstantin Aleksandrovich Emelyanov “People in Hell”).

They said about Father Rafail that “he gave his last parting words to his cellmates, but he himself prayed for all his tormentors. The personality and behavior of Priest Voetsky made a great impression even on the Chinese partisans. They told many of the residents of Nikolaevsk that at the time of his death his head was surrounded by radiance.”

Another Amur priest, Philip Raspopov, who, when he was a deacon, served in St. Nicholas Cathedral in Nikolaevsk, suffered from the same gang. He accepted martyrdom for Christ in December 1919 in the village of Troitskoye. Anarchist partisans broke into the house of Philip's father, where he lived with his wife and seven small children, dragged him naked into the street and dragged him to the Amur River. On the shore he was insulted and beaten for a long time, and then thrown into an ice hole. Father Philip was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.

The persecution of the Church was not in vain: from the thirties until the middle of the Great Patriotic War, not a single functioning church and not a single registered clergyman remained in the entire region. For a long time, religious services were performed by believers in secret. And only in 1993, under Bishop Innocent (Vasiliev) of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk, the building of the former regional radio committee and evening school No. 1 was transferred to the St. Nicholas parish of the city of Nikolaevsk. And in August 1998, already under Bishop Mark (Tuzhikov) of Khabarovsk and Amur, a new church was founded in the name of St. Nicholas. It was erected in the area of ​​the cultural park, near the place where the cemetery church had previously been located.

By the way, St. Nicholas Church is the only stone temple in the entire north of the Khabarovsk Territory. It is also symbolic that the temple is crowned by Lenin Street, the other end of which abuts the Nevelsky monument. This is how, through the exploits, heroism and holiness of some and the cruelty and recklessness of others, this distant Far Eastern city grew, fell and rose again, the history of which I want to share with everyone...

References

Notes

1. ^ a b c d e
   Resolution No. 143-pr, Article 3
2. ^ a b c
   Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (2011).
   “All-Russian Population Census 2010. Volume 1" [All-Russian Population Census 2010, vol. 1]. All-Russian Population Census 2010 [All-Russian Population Census 2010]
   (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
3. ^ a b
   State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.
   Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 “All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division. Code 08 414”, Ed. changes No. 278 / 2015 dated January 1, 2016. (State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Administrative Objects (OKATO). Code 08 414
   As amended by Amendment No. 278/2015 dated January 1, 2016).
4. State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 “All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division. Code 08 231”, Ed. changes No. 278 / 2015 dated January 1, 2016. (State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology and Certification. No. OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Administrative Objects (OKATO). Code 08 231
   As amended by Amendment No. 278/2015 dated January 1, 2016).
5. ^ a b c
   Law No. 191
6. Law No. 264
7. "On the calculation of time." Official Internet portal of legal information
   (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
8. Post office. Information and computing center of OASU RPO. ( Post office
   ).
   Search for postal facilities ( Search for postal facilities
   ) (in Russian)
9. Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (May 21, 2004). “The population of Russia, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as part of federal districts, urban settlements, urban settlements, settlements, settlements is 3 thousand or more people” [Population of Russia, its federal districts, constituent entities of the federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - administrative centers, rural settlements with a population of more than 3000 people] (XLS). All-Russian Population Census of 2002 [All-Russian Population Census of 2002]
   (in Russian).
10. ^ a b
    “All-Union Population Census of 1989. The actual population of the union and autonomous republics, autonomous regions and districts, territories, regions, urban settlements and villages-raiTyr steles and the Yong Ning temple in the light of Chinese-Jurchen relations of the XIV-XV centuries ."
    Archived February 23, 2009. Wayback Machine (Tire Steles and Yongning Temple Seen as Aspect of Sino-Jurchen Relations), Ethno-Journal
    , November 14, 2008.
11. Tourism objects - Archaeological. Tyr Temples Archived September 3, 2009 Wayback Machine (Regional government website explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: south of the village of Tyr)
12. [1]
13. Sorinka, Victor L. (1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart
    .
    Westview series about post-Soviet republics. 5
    . Westview Press. paragraph 46. ISBN 9780813312989. Retrieved June 20, 2015. When they unfurled the Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur and christened the place Nikolaevsky in honor of the Tsar, Nevelskoy and Muravyov caused a storm of protest […]
14. “Nikolaevsky-ITL on the Memorial website (German).” Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
15. "Climate of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur." Weather and climate. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
16. “Climate norms of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur 1961–1990.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 3, 2022.

Sources

• Government of the Khabarovsk Territory. Resolution No. 143-pr of July 18, 2007 “On approval of the register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory,” as amended. Resolution No. 273-pr dated August 28, 2015 “On amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory dated July 18, 2007 No. 143-pr “On approval of the register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory””. Entered into force on August 13, 2007. Published: “Collection of Legislation of the Khabarovsk Territory”, No. 7 (60), August 12, 2007 (Resolution of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory of July 18, 2007 No. 143-pr. On approval of the Register of administrative-territorial formations and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory
  As amended by the resolution dated August 28, 2015 No. 273-pr.
  On amendments to the resolution of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory dated July 18, 2007 No. 143-pr “On approval of the Register of administrative-territorial and territorial units of the Khabarovsk Territory.”
  . Effective from August 13, 2007).
• Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 191 of June 30, 2004 “On granting administrative centers the status of urban and rural settlements and on establishing their boundaries,” as amended. Law No. 172 of February 29, 2012 “On the abolition of the rural settlement of Festivalny, located on the territory of the Solnechny Khabarovsk Territory, and amendments to certain Laws of the Khabarovsk Territory.” Came into force on the date of official publication. Published: “Priamurskie Gazette”, No. 126–127, July 15, 2004 (Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 191 of June 30, 2004. On giving the administrative centers of districts the status of urban and rural settlements and establishing their boundaries
  As amended by the Law dated February 29, 2012 No. 172.
  On the abolition of the rural area of ​​the Festivalny village in the Solnechny district of the Khabarovsk Territory and on amendments to various laws of the Khabarovsk Territory
  ... Valid from the date of official publication.).
• Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 264 of March 14, 2005 “On administrative centers of rural settlements and municipal communications of the Khabarovsk Territory,” as amended. Law No. 239 of November 28, 2012 “On the transformation of the urban settlement of the working village of Tyrma, located on the territory of the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory, by changing its status into a rural settlement - the village of Tyrma and introducing amendments to certain Laws of the Khabarovsk Territory.” Came into force on the date of official publication. Published: “Priamurskie Vedomosti”, No. 57, April 1, 2005 (Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory. Law No. 264 of March 14, 2005 On administrative centers of rural settlements and municipal districts of the Khabarovsk Territory
  As amended by Law No. 239 of November 28, 2012 On
  the transformation of the urban settlement of Tyrma, located on the territory of the Verkhnebureinsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory, by changing its status to a rural settlement - the village of Tyrma, and on amendments to various laws of the Khabarovsk Territory
  . Valid from the date of official publication.).