Central regions of Russia. List of cities and regions, map

General information about central Russia

It is noteworthy that the Central part of Russia was named so not because of its position in the center of European Russia, but because of its cultural and historical past. After all, it was here that the Russian state was born and the most significant historical events took place.

Over the course of several centuries, this region was built, transport routes developed, territories were developed, cities grew, and at the same time the entire industrial infrastructure. Therefore, now almost 30% of the country’s population is concentrated here, although Central Russia does not occupy even a tenth of the total territory of the state, but only 650,204 km².

The central regions of Russia are Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka, and they are part of the Central Federal District.

The district borders with the Southern, Volga and Northwestern districts on the Russian side, and on the European side with Belarus and Ukraine. Although the Central District does not have large reserves of raw materials and fuel, it has confidently taken a position of control over the entire country.

This was largely facilitated by the capital of Russia, Moscow, which is part of the district, and its advantageous location at the intersection of roads. The Volga River with its numerous tributaries is part of the waterway.

Another important indicator of the district is the concentration of the country's best universities, training centers and research institutes, since this is where the leading scientific and technical production is concentrated.

Enterprises and work in Kaluga, or Let's hit the auto industry off-road

Having realized that the space brand does not bring profit to Kaluga, and traditional industrial enterprises, if not bankrupt, are barely chugging, Kaluga decided to hit the auto industry on its own impassability, and it must be said that it succeeded. In a short time, thanks to foreign investments, Kaluga acquired, in addition to the space brand, another brand - “Russian Detroit”.

in Kaluga

It all started with construction in 2007. Having given foreigners a tempting bonus - the construction of a zero cycle at the expense of the region, the Kaluga governor finally lured investors from Germany. And then things started to spin: Volvo and Renault trucks appeared, followed by the joint venture Mitsubishi Motors and Peugeot Citroen.

Over the five years of the year, Kaluga has been heard in all central media, as in terms of average wages it has risen from 80 to 3rd place after Moscow and the Moscow region. If you believe the statistics, the average salary in Kaluga for January 2012 was 28,223.2 rubles, but everyone understands that all these average figures are almost the same as measuring a boa constrictor from a cartoon in parrots. In reality, for example, a mechanical assembly mechanic working three shifts on a Volkswagen does not earn more than 15 thousand.

Confirmation that not everything is as rosy as it is portrayed is the strike that thundered throughout Russia and beyond its borders at the end of March 2012 of workers from where suspension brackets for Volkswagen are assembled. The plant's staff is small, about 350 people, but many of them are not registered as plant employees, but are hired workers hired by recruitment agencies. As a result, workers receive much lower wages not only compared to similar enterprises abroad, but also to Volkswagen.

According to reviews from Volkswagen workers, the attitude towards them from the German employees of the plant is, to put it mildly, disdainful, which is why there is staff turnover at the plant. They say that almost all of Kaluga has already been processed there, now it’s the region’s turn. This cannot be said about Volvo, where workers note a very respectful attitude from the Swedes, good conditions and an excellent social package, so unusual for Kaluga residents (extended health insurance system, including dentistry, training at the expense of the company, including English, meals etc).

Of the former leading industrial giant enterprises, several are more or less afloat, a turbine plant and an instrument-making plant, but their share in total industrial production at the end of 2011 is only 1% each, compared to 21% of the same Volkswagen.

Most Kaluga residents work in trade, the service sector and manufacturing. Kaluga does not forget its merchant past: in recent years, in addition to the large supermarkets “Magnit”, “Dixie”, “Pyaterochka”, hypermarkets “Line”, “Metro”, “Auchan” (“Rainbow”) have come to Kaluga, not to mention those multiplying with the speed of rabbits and the ever-changing little shops. The average salary in these areas is about 14 thousand rubles.

There are quite a lot of available vacancies in Kaluga employment centers, but these are, as a rule, blue-collar jobs with low wages and therefore not in great demand (mechanics, electricians, turners, painters, plasterers, masons). According to various sources, up to 60 thousand Kaluga residents from Kaluga and the region go to work in Moscow.

Despite the advertised average salaries of teachers and doctors (24.4 thousand and 32.5 thousand, respectively), there are also not enough workers in these specialties, perhaps for the reason that teachers and doctors with such salaries live in some other Kaluga, but the real ones get half as much.

In terms of the high cost of living, Kaluga is ahead of many cities in the Central Federal District.

District map

For convenience, a map of the district indicating regions and administrative centers is presented in the form of a table:

Central regions of Russia on the map

Russian region codes

Below is a complete list of automobile codes for regions of Russia. To quickly search for a region, start typing the region name or code in the search field.

Population

Due to the large number of subjects in its composition, the Central District is the largest among the other districts of the country. Most of the population lives in cities, the remaining 20% ​​are residents of rural areas.

The ethnic composition of the district is quite diverse, and since there are no national subjects in the Central District, Russians prevail here - more than 89%. They are followed by Ukrainians - slightly above 1.3%. Next are the Armenians and Tatars - almost 1% each.

Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Uzbeks, Jews and more than 20 nationalities also live in the Central District. About half of all residents are in Moscow and the Moscow region.

Almost 100% of the population speak Russian.

The main religion remains Christianity. Islam has firmly taken second place after Orthodoxy; it is professed by about 10% of believers. Many temples, cathedrals, monasteries and churches were built on the territory of Central Russia. As well as mosques and synagogues.

Climate

Due to the distance from the oceans, the climate in Central Russia is temperate continental. Throughout the district, winter is long, summer is short and warm (at times very hot), spring is dry, and autumn is rainy.

As a rule, the winter months are very snowy and frosty, and the thermometer rarely drops below -20°C. But sometimes, under the influence of an anticyclone (Asian maximum), the center of which moves to the center of the East European Plain, the wind direction changes from south to north, and very frosty, dry weather sets in - in some regions down to -45°C.

Changeable summers with short thunderstorms are mostly warm - the average air temperature is +20°C. Anticyclones often bring hot and windless weather. In this case, the temperature can rise to +37°C, which increases the risk of forest fires and other emergencies.

The hottest months are July and August, gradually flowing into September (the so-called “Indian summer”). But then the temperature begins to drop and prolonged rains appear. By the beginning of November, the first snow falls, which develops into a stable snow cover within a month.

In general, the climate of Central Russia is mild, with an average annual precipitation of 700 mm, and atmospheric pressure rarely drops above or below 745-755 mm. Hg Art.

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Climate and ecology of Kaluga, or Water with blessed nitrates

The climate in Kaluga is typical for central Russia: all seasons are very pronounced, although recently, due to global warming, the “autumn” period is often prolonged, but there are no winters without snow and frost.

Kaluga residents are lucky with nature. It’s not for nothing that residents of the area around the TV tower and the old city cemetery (this is almost the center) listen to nightingales in the morning, and in the central park the oak tree, the famous coeval of the city, is still tenacious and mighty.

Where else can you see a real pine grove with centuries-old pines in the city? Of course, in Kaluga. The famous Kaluga forest, a natural monument, is a special matter altogether. If it weren’t for him, Kaluga would have suffocated in the unbearable summer heat from the smoke and stench of burning peat bogs in the Moscow region, just like Moscow. The wind brought smoky air, but the boron filters almost did not let it into the city. In the environmental rating of Russian cities, Kaluga is in the very middle, maintaining a stable situation.

Century-old pines of the city Pine Grove

The air in Kaluga, in general, is acceptable for breathing, the main industrial enterprises are located on the outskirts, there is a lot of greenery and flowers in the city, the local “Zelenstroy” takes care of this, although the inclusion of this organization in the Kaluga space brand in some cases follows the saying “ finger to the sky". The old poplars with which Kaluga is filled, Zelenstroevites prefer not to cut down at the roots, but to leave bare stumps of trunks sticking out everywhere as pillar monuments to living nature, pointing to the heavens, until they are overgrown with fresh shoots.

“Staked out” on the street

While Kaluga residents can breathe easily, they are much less lucky with water, although the city has four rivers at its disposal (Oka, Terepets, Kievka, Yachenka), and even a reservoir, not counting numerous springs both within the city and beyond. Only potential suicides swim within the city limits, the rest go far outside the city to lakes, and tap water is fragrant with the ineradicable smell of chlorine and is deposited with centimeter-long scale in teapots. If the water is not filtered, then 2-3 teapots a year are steadily sent to waste.

Oka River. On the horizon is the Gagarinsky Bridge - the entrance to Kaluga

From time to time, more impressive water disasters occur: either in the form of a random fountain on the street when there is no water in the taps, or in the discovery of chemicals of unknown origin in water. So in December 2011, the entire city was thirsty, and stores sold out of everything in a few hours. existing water: from regular to sparkling. At the same time, water utility workers tried to convince that the sewer-smelling water was suitable for consumption, and the city authorities timidly warned almost a day later that for a few days it would be better to use the water only for technical needs.

Spring water from 35 springs in and around the city, which is preferred by the majority of residents, according to ongoing research, only a quarter of the springs meets drinking standards. The consecrated springs with a high content of nitrates and E. coli are especially touching. You can, of course, hope that God will save you from an intestinal infection, but it’s better to be safe and stock up on powerful filters for your water supply.

Source of St. Lawrence in Podzavalie

Features of nature

Geologically, the central regions of Russia are entirely located on the East European Plain. The highlands in the west give way to lowlands in the east, creating numerous hills whose heights range from 400 m above sea level to 28 m below sea level.

Relief and climate influenced the formation of a unique diversity of nature. The northern part of the district is 70% occupied by forests (for example, the Kostroma region), but to the south the forest cover decreases, and in the Voronezh region only 10% of the territory is covered with trees.

Conventionally, forests can be divided into taiga, located on the plains of the northern area, and mixed deciduous, occupying the lowlands and hillsides to the south.

And towards the Voronezh region they completely develop into steppes. Such a neighborhood seems surprising, because only 650,204 km² combine northern representatives of the flora with heat-loving ones. The northern ones include: pine, spruce, fir, larch and birch.

And heat-loving ones are maple, oak, poplar, ash, linden and elm. In all forests there are shrubs and berries of northern and southern species - juniper, lingonberry, cloudberry, black and red elderberry and others. And from June to September, edible mushrooms appear in waves (ceps, milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps, boletuses, aspen mushrooms, boletus and others).

The regions of Central Russia, due to the diversity of flora, have many species of animals. In the south, where there are most steppes, orders of small mammals mainly live. These are hares, marmots, gophers, jerboas, voles and ferrets. Seagulls and ducks live on the lakes; vipers, several species of grass snakes, lizards and frogs can be found in meadow grasses, undergrowth and on the banks of reservoirs.

Further in the north, where more and more large areas are occupied by forests, the fauna is somewhat more diverse. Large animals can be found here: moose and deer, roe deer and wild boars, lynxes and wolves, foxes and badgers, raccoons and martens.

Rodents include hares, hedgehogs, mice, moles and shrews. Along with these animals, this area is home to more than 15 species of reptiles, and about 170 species of birds - partridges and ducks, bustards and owls, herons and nightingales, crows and starlings, sparrows and others.

Due to the presence of large rivers, tributaries, lakes and artificial reservoirs, river fish are widespread. The most famous species are bream, pike perch, perch, ide, rudd, pike, ruffe, roach, sterlet, burbot and gudgeon.

The richness of nature in the Central regions is an asset, so more than ten reserves have been opened here, in which animals listed in the Red Book are protected - lynx, moose, wolves, Russian muskrat, some plants and insects.

Inland waters

The reservoirs of Central Russia play a huge role in the formation of unique relief and natural features. In addition, settlements were formed around large rivers and lakes from ancient times, which have now grown into large cities - Moscow, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Kursk, Orel, Tula, Lipetsk, Kaluga, Vladimir, Ivanovo.

Deep rivers flow through Central Russia, which are important not only for Russia, but also for neighboring countries. On the territory of the districts there are basins of the Volga (the largest tributary of the Oka), the Dnieper (a tributary is the Desna River), the Don (2 tributaries - the Khoper River and the Northern Donets River) and the Western Dvina. Another important tributary of the Oka is the Moksha River.

The following rivers are considered navigable: Volga, Oka, Moscow, Don, Dnieper, Sura, Vyatka and Vetluga. Many of them have access to the seas (Baltic, Caspian and Black). With the growth of cities and settlements in the Central regions, there is a shortage of water. Therefore, it is so important to create and properly operate both artificial and natural reservoirs.

The largest artificial reservoir is Rybinsk in the Yaroslavl region. Its area is 4580 km² and its water volume is 25.4 km³. They began to build it on the bed of the Volga River in 1935, for this purpose they resettled and flooded 663 settlements. But it was completely filled only in 1947.

Now the Rybinsk Reservoir has important economic and natural significance: energy production (Rybinsk State Power Plant with a capacity of 356 MW), fishing and shipping, as well as protected areas (Darwin Nature Reserve).

Along with Rybinsk, the district has several other large reservoirs:

• Verkhnevolzhskoye in Tverskots region.
• Ivankovskoye in the Moscow region.
• Uglichskoe in the Yaroslavl region.
• Yauzskoe in the Smolensk region.

The district is rich in lakes. The largest include Seliger (Tver and Novgorod regions), Lake Galichskoye (Kostroma region), lakes Nero and Pleshcheyevo (Yaroslavl region) and Lake Volgo (Tver region).

In the north of the district there are numerous swamps and wetlands. The largest in area are in the Tver region. These are the well-known Upper Volga swamp complex and the Zharkovsko-Svitskie swamps, as well as the Orsha moss. The total area of ​​marshes and wetlands in the county is more than 12,000 km².

Another amazing creation of man is an artificial canal that connects 2 rivers - the Volga and Moscow. The canal has a length of 128 km, runs through the Tver region, along the Moscow region and partially covers the capital. The canal supplies Moscow with 60% industrial and drinking water.

Natural resources

The central regions of Russia do not have a variety of minerals and natural resources. The main mining materials are sand, crushed stone, limestone, clay and some types of wood, which are used primarily in construction. In the Voronezh region, open-pit granite is being mined.

In the Tula region and Kaluga there are deposits of brown coal, but of such low quality that it is used only at enterprises in these areas. And in the Belgorod, Kursk and Orel regions, iron ore is developed (the famous Kursk magnetic anomaly). Of great importance for the Central District is the extraction of phosphorites, table salt and gypsum in the Tula region.

If we consider industrial peat reserves, they are in the northeastern part of the district, mainly in the Ivanovo and Kostroma regions. As a rule, they are used in places of extraction, since they are of too low quality (low calorie content and high humidity), so their processing in other areas is not advisable.

The district is experiencing a shortage of forest resources. The fact is that during the Great Patriotic War, many forests were destroyed for the needs of the army, and in parallel with this, cutting down for agricultural land and arable land took place.

Therefore, despite the large areas occupied by forest, the trees in it are predominantly young and not always suitable for industry and construction. Sawmill production is carried out only in the Kostroma and Kirov regions. And in the south of the district, forests are primarily of water conservation and recreational nature.

Districts and real estate of Kaluga, or Where is it good to live in Kaluga?

Officially, the city of Kaluga is divided into three districts with traditional Soviet names: Moskovsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky. The territory occupied by the city is 168.5 square kilometers.

Kaluga map

Kaluga residents remember their belonging to any district by looking at the registration stamp in their passport or because of the need to contact official services. In other cases, it is unlikely that anyone can tell in which district a particular street is located if it is not the closest to their own home. But ask any city dweller where Malinniki or Bushmanovka, or another area of ​​local geography is located, they will not only explain to you, but also tell you the number of a trolleybus or minibus.

The center still remains in some places a “sunny city” where buildings from the 18th-19th centuries have been preserved in the yellow and white colors traditional for that time.

Crossroads Moskovskaya - Dzerzhinsky. Houses in sunny colors

However, the historical center of the city is increasingly occupied by banks and shopping and entertainment complexes, displacing traditional two-story houses in sunny colors. You walk along the central street of Kirov, which is no more than two kilometers long, and you constantly come across signs with the word “bank”. If you believe the map and addresses, there are about twenty of them there (count one bank per 100 m). I wonder how many Kaluga residents are their investors?..

The “near-centre” parts of the city are for the most part developing towards an increase in the number of offices and shops, although housing construction is also being carried out in places where old one-story and two-story houses are being demolished. The cost of primary housing in the central part of the city is equal to the cost of housing near Moscow. This should not be surprising if Moscow has officially expanded its borders to the Kaluga region.

The proximity to Moscow and the development of Kaluga industry advertised everywhere with the attraction of foreign investors played a cruel joke on Kaluga residents. Headlines of articles appear in newspapers and the Internet that Moscow companies are buying up land near Kaluga for construction. The cost of housing, according to the Russian Guild of Realtors, has been in fifth place since the beginning of 2012 after Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Khabarovsk. 58 thousand per square meter for a city with a population of just over 300,000 residents and a salary (we will talk about this later) of up to 20 thousand rubles - that’s cool! Many megacities are far from Kaluga in this regard.

Prices for apartments in Kaluga almost do not depend on location and are the same in any microdistrict. The difference is determined solely by the “status” of the apartment: as reported by RGR, “Stalin” buildings cost about 49,000 rubles per square meter, “Khrushchev” apartments - 54,000 rubles, apartments with an improved layout - 58,000 rubles, and elite ones - up to 70,000 rubles per square meter meter. Maybe that's why there are so many banks in Kaluga?

Beginning of the street Kirov. SK PLAZA shopping center and Fora Bank on the site of the former Cosmos cinema

Since the beginning of 2012, in terms of price growth, Kaluga is already almost “ahead of the rest of the planet”; it fell a little short of first place, but is firmly in second place, so if you have a desire to buy an apartment in our city, hurry up, prices are mixed with fast-acting yeast.

Once upon a time, the outskirts of Kaluga were undesirable areas for residents to live in. With the development of public transport and an increase in the fleet of personal cars, in 20-30 minutes (in the absence of traffic jams) you can get from the center to almost any part of the city, so the outskirts are now no less popular than the center.

The northern outskirts of the city, from where entry is now mainly from Moscow, is represented by three districts: Kubyaka, Baikonur and Severny. The development of new residential spaces proceeded from the center towards the village. Northern, which was once a dacha area.

The Kubyak district, with the correct stress on the last syllable, but stubbornly called Kubyaka or, briefly, Kuba, is mainly built up with five-story Khrushchev-era apartment buildings and nine-story panel buildings. The lucky owners of apartments in this microdistrict received them in order of priority back in Soviet times. As in Baikonur, next to Kubyak, where mainly families of military space force veterans live, many courtyards in these microdistricts are built in a “square-nested” way with mutual views of the windows of neighboring houses, however, these areas are popular on the secondary housing market.

Houses at Baikonur

Between Baikonur and Severny, a residential complex with the beautiful name “Rainbow” is being built. Against the background of the gray panels, it really sparkles with fresh colors. Beyond the North, vacant lands have become attractive for cottage construction. It was in this area that the much-maligned village of Molodezhny was built, better known as Likhuny, after the name of the village and the lamentations of the long-suffering residents who were caught like chickens in cabbage soup.

The idea of ​​building housing for young people belonged to the Governor of the Kaluga Region A.D. Artamonov, whom the “loving” Kaluga residents dubbed the governor of ADA (an abbreviation for last name, first name and patronymic). Like everywhere else, we wanted what was best, but it turned out - it’s clear what happened.

Having heard that a house for a young family would cost only 650 thousand rubles, people rushed to line up for cheap housing. People’s houses were “delighted”; they are not called anything other than “chicken coops” or “shovel houses”. But now a two-room house in Likhuny is being sold for a not at all modest price - 2,700,000 rubles.

Entrepreneurship does not prevent one from building two-story cottages in Likhuny (communications have already been laid) for a completely different category of residents and selling them for more than 4 million rubles.

Lihuns in their purest form with “cardboard” houses made of sandwich panels

In the eastern part of the city, the most famous microdistricts are Bushmanovka and Typhoon. Bushmanovka or, briefly, Bushma is a place known not only to Kaluga residents because of the regional psychiatric hospital present on this territory, so if you are sent to Bushma, you should know that your normal mental state is being called into question. However, healthy people also live here. Part of the microdistrict is a long-standing private sector, and the other is brick five-story buildings and panel nine-story buildings.

Typhoon got its name from its namesake - an instrument-making plant located in this microdistrict. Both Bushmanovka and Typhoon are rather dull places, both in terms of the predominant color of the houses and the minimal presence of leisure facilities. The Solnechny Boulevard, which is under construction, is intended to brighten up life in this microdistrict, occupying the territory of a huge apple orchard that was fruitful until recently - a former unorganized recreation area for the surrounding residents.

Everyone to the garden! New buildings on the street. Alleynaya on Bushmanovka

Another oldest microdistrict, Malinniki, located in the northeast of Kaluga, lacks the sun, even if only in its names. Once upon a time it was a serious industrial zone, which began with a turbine plant that once thundered throughout Russia. There are also production and warehouse bases, a meat processing plant, etc. Malinniki, which experienced rapid development in Soviet times, is now in suspended animation.

Malinniki. Turbine plant on the horizon

The northwestern part of Kaluga is, first of all, Silikatny, which got its name from the sand-lime brick factory. With the advent of the ring road running from the village of Annenki through Silikatny, the microdistrict became more attractive. New buildings are not uncommon here, and secondary housing is in demand.

Silicate. New house at the turn of the ring road

Podzavalye is the oldest microdistrict in the western part of Kaluga, built on a steep slope descending to the Yachenskoye reservoir. Despite the restoration of the Laurentian Monastery, this is a godforsaken place with roads uncleaned in winter and the impossibility of passing either an ambulance or a fire truck. Some part of Podzavalye accessible to transport has been chosen by private owners for the construction of cottages, among which there are architectural artifacts.

The upper part of Podzavalye. Gamazeynaya Street

The currently fastest growing microdistrict is located on the right bank of the Oka and has already received the official name of Pravgorod. Kaluga city planners have truly fantastic plans for it. What kind of miracles were promised to the residents of Kaluga: almost a local “Disneyland” with a cable car across the Oka. In the meantime, the popularity for developers is most likely associated with free spaces, a new bridge, the launch of a trolleybus on the right bank and construction.

In any case, from the former “hole” the right bank is really slowly turning into Pravgorod and, apparently, will be a prestigious area, judging by the construction of luxury apartments and townhouses.

New buildings of Pravgorod in the rays of the setting sun

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a major role in the development of the Central District. The regions have everything necessary to engage in this activity - huge areas of pastures and arable land, climate, topography, qualified personnel and workers.

And every year, with all possible support from the state, this industry is growing stronger and developing. Already in 2015, the Central District took first place among Russian districts in terms of agricultural production.

Due to economic factors (transportation links, skilled labor, convenience of sales, etc.), a significant part of the industry is concentrated near cities. This includes breeding dairy and meat cattle, pigs, poultry farming and greenhouses. There are especially many such agro-industrial enterprises in the Moscow region.

In the Central Black Earth region in the southeastern part of the district, where the most arable land is present, sugar beets, sunflowers, wheat and other grains are grown. Thanks to the chernozem soil and good moisture, the harvests are so large that part of the crops is used for animal feed and silage.

In the north-west of the district, flax is grown, the share of which makes up almost 70% of the total harvest in Russia. Livestock farming and vegetable growing are also developed. The district is completely self-sufficient in vegetables, in particular potatoes, and is planted in all regions of the district.

Industry

The central regions of Russia occupy a leading position in industrial sectors. About 23% of the working population works in such important areas of the economy as mechanical engineering, food, chemical and light industry.

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading areas in the Central District.

Main occupations of the industry:

• aviation and space construction. Leading factories are located in the cities: Smolensk, Moscow and Podolsk;
• production of mining equipment in the city of Belgorod;

• production of tractor equipment, harvesting machines, combines and agricultural implements in the cities of Lipetsk, Vladimir, Lyubertsy, Tula and Ryazan;
• automotive industry, bus assembly at factories in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Serpukhov, Likino-Dulev and Golitsyn;
• assembly of scooters and motorcycles in the cities of Tula and Kovrov;
• shipbuilding is carried out at the shipyards of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Moscow and Rybinsk;
• railway and diesel locomotive construction in the cities of Bryansk, Tver, Murom and Kaluga;
• production of industrial machines and tools (bearings, metalworking and measuring tools) at factories in the Ryazan and Ivanovo regions, as well as in the Moscow, Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions;
• electro-radio computing and watch industries in the city of Moscow, in Alexandrov and Murom, as well as in the cities of Krasnogorsk, Uglich and Zelenograd.

In the city of Elektrostal, Kaluga and Bryansk there are important heavy engineering and metalworking enterprises. One of the important sectors of the district's economy is the chemical industry.

Chemical plants and enterprises carry out their activities in the creation of chemical components in the following areas:

• creation of fertilizers - in the Moscow, Voronezh and Tula regions;
• production of plastics and all kinds of resins - in the Moscow and Tula regions, as well as in the Smolensk region;
• production of synthetic rubber - in Yaroslavl and Efremov;
• creation of various types of dyes and varnishes - mainly production in the Moscow region, as well as in the cities of Vladimir, Yaroslavl and Ivanovo;
• production of chemical threads and fibers is in the following cities: Vladimir and Tula, as well as a significant share of production is located in the city of Moscow.

Light industry includes:

• textile production (the volume of production is 30% of the total in Russia. The largest centers of the textile industry are the Kostroma and Ivanovo regions);
• clothing and shoe production - Torzhok, Bryansk and Moscow.
• porcelain and earthenware products - Gus-Khrustalny, Gzhel, Konakovo, Moscow;

• food industry (located in all areas of the regions, the main focus of production is flour milling and cereals, sugar, meat, dairy and butter, confectionery and fruit and vegetable).

The largest factories for the production of printing products are based in the Central District. They are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Tver and Yaroslavl.

The development of new drugs and the production of pharmaceutical products is gaining momentum. Its main centers are located in the central regions, especially in the capital.

The defense industry occupies a special, strategically important place in the economy and life of the regions. On the territory of the district, anti-aircraft missiles, satellites and spacecraft are produced (Khimki), machine guns, anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles, ammunition and guns (Kovrov). The city of Korolev is rightfully considered a leader in rocket science, and Zhukovsky is the center of aviation science and technology.

The Central Federal District has concentrated all the leading industries - this is justified by the availability of labor and scientific resources. And although there remains less and less free space for new production, the regions in Central Russia remain the most developed and in demand among other subjects of the state. And in the near future, this state of affairs will only strengthen.

Article design: Mila Friedan

Kaluga

How to get to Kaluga from Moscow

Kaluga railway station
© Igor Butyrsky

There are several ways to get from Zlatoglavaya to Kaluga: you can use a train, bus or car.

Trains run between the capital and Kaluga daily. Train numbers (including suburban ones): No. 101Ch, 881I, 103 M, 065 M, 883X, 105 M, 885I, 085CH, 023 M, 099CH, 6151/6152, 6153/6154, 6155/6156, 6157/6158, etc. d. All of them depart from the Kievsky railway station (Komsomolskaya metro station, Square of Three Stations), starting from 5:24 am and ending at 23:55 pm. More exact departure times for each train, as well as the numbers of other trains in this direction, can be found at the information desk of the railway station. You will find tickets at the box office. Travel time will vary from 2 to 3 hours, depending on the route of the particular train.

Buses on the route we are considering run direct and transit. Direct buses depart daily from the Teply Stan bus station (Teply Stan metro station) from 8:15 am to 8:20 pm with an interval of about 40–60 minutes. Travel time is approximately 3.5 hours. Transit buses also depart every day of the week from the Teply Stan bus station (Teply Stan metro station) from 6:40 am to 7:35 pm at intervals of 20 to 60 minutes. Tickets are sold at the ticket offices of automobile and railway stations. Travel time varies from 3 to 3.5 hours, depending on the bus route.

To travel along the same route in a car, you need to move along the M-3 highway. The distance between cities when driving along the highway is 183 km. The journey will take approximately 3.5 hours.

How to get to Kaluga from Ryazan

You can get from Ryazan to Kaluga in the same way as from Moscow. The only difference is the number of flights.

There are only transit trains between these two cities, which means it will be necessary to change trains in Moscow. They run daily, and you can leave at any time of the day. Below is a list of several trains (the train number after the transfer is indicated through a fraction): No. 104Zh/023 M, 104Zh/085Ch, 104Zh/885I, 104Zh/105 M, 071Ts/883, 071Ts/885I, 071Ts/105 M, 061S/881I , 102S/023 M, 102S/099CH, 041Y/881I, 013U/881I, 030Y/023 M, 030Y/085CH, 030Y/885I and others. Departure is carried out from the Ryazan railway station. You can also buy tickets there. Travel time can vary from 4.5 to 9.5 hours, depending on the train route and transfer time (from 17 minutes to 4 hours).

There is only one bus between Ryazan and Kaluga - it leaves daily from the Ryazan bus station at 8:45 in the morning. Tickets can be purchased, again, at the bus station ticket offices, and the travel time will be approximately 7 hours.

To get to Kaluga from Ryazan by car, you need to take the M-5 highway. The distance between the two points is 329 km, and the entire journey will take about 5.5 hours.

How to get to Kaluga from Tula

Monument to the 600th anniversary of the city of Kaluga

© Igor Butyrsky

And here the situation with transport is exactly the same as in previous cases - you can use a train, bus or car to travel.

There are no direct trains between Tula and Kaluga, which is why a transfer in Moscow is required. Train numbers (train numbers after transfer are indicated through a fraction): No. 106Х/881И, 072В/881И, 057Ч/881И, 284С/881И, 740 М/099Ч, 850Х/103 М, 738 М/103 М, 002В/099Ч, 004В /883Х, 004Х/885И, 004В/105 М. All trains depart from the Tula railway station. You can leave every morning, afternoon, evening or night. You can find out more about the departure time at the Information Desk, and purchase tickets at the station ticket office. Travel time can range from 5 to 8.5 hours, which will depend on the train route and transfer time (from 4 minutes to 4.5 hours).

Buses between Tula and Kaluga run both direct and transit. All of them depart from the Tula bus station. Direct services operate daily from 6:00 am to 5:35 pm at intervals of 30 minutes to 1.5 hours, and the travel time is about 2.5 hours. Transit buses make trips every day, and on different dates in different months. There are only three transit buses. For example, the first bus, which leaves at 7:30 a.m., runs on odd days in September and October, and on even dates in November; the second bus, which departs at 7:30 a.m., operates on even dates in September and October, and on odd dates in November; the bus, which leaves at 15:31, runs daily. Tickets can be purchased at the bus station ticket office. Travel time is approximately 2.5 hours.

Motorists traveling along this route should take the P-132 highway. The distance between Tula and Kaluga is 108 km. The entire journey will take no more than 1.5 hours.