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K: Settlements founded in 1859
Dalnerechensk

- a city in the Primorsky Territory of Russia, the administrative center of the Dalnerechensky district and the Dalnerechensky urban district. It is located near the border with China. The northernmost and oldest city in Primorye.

Story

Founded by the Cossacks as the village of Grafskaya (founded in 1859) in honor of Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky[2][3].

Before the revolution, the 1st Siberian Pontoon Battalion was stationed in the city.

From 1897[4] to 1972 the city was called Iman

(after the name of the river on which it was located, now Bolshaya Ussurka). City status since 1917. Renamed as a result of the campaign to eliminate Chinese names in the Far East, which was a consequence of the Soviet-Chinese armed conflict on Damansky Island.

The 15th Separate Brigade of Border Troops Patrol Ships (15 OBSKR) was based in the city.

Disasters and catastrophes

• In 2016 (September), Typhoon Lionrok raged in the Primorsky Territory, which caused great damage to the city and region, flooding vast areas with water coming out of the rivers (due to prolonged rainfall). During the period of extreme water rise, the Ministry of Emergency Situations actively strengthened dams, filled up embankments, set up water crossings and tent camps, and organized a telephone hotline. Many families lost their homes and crops, some houses were completely destroyed or were recognized by the visiting commission as beyond restoration. The affected citizens were provided with medical and material assistance by the city and state structures. The consequences of the typhoon were eliminated before the onset of winter. In the private sector, wells and water pumps were sanitized.

Economy

Timber processing

The city has various timber processing plants and enterprises.

The largest of them is the enterprise ZAO LesExport (since 2000), with about 500 employees at the moment. It is engaged in wood processing, parquet and veneer production, as well as forest planting. There are representative offices in different cities of Russia.

Outdoor and indoor advertising

The city has its own production facilities for indoor and outdoor advertising, POS products, signboards, light boxes and light boxes, and other products.

The leader in this direction is the ADEVE company, which has been regularly cooperating with entrepreneurs of the city and region for many years.

Connection

There are four cellular operators in the city. There are 3G and 4G (LTE) networks of four operators: Beeline, Yota, MegaFon and MTS.

Trade

The city has a developed system of electronics supermarkets, among which the most developed chain is V-Lazer, Domotekhnika, DNS, and others. Among the large sellers specializing in mobile electronics are the networks Beeline, Svyaznoy, Euroset, Spectrum of Technology and others.

Hydrocarbons

The Dalnerechensk regional oil pipeline department was established in 2010 to ensure trouble-free operation of the Primorye branch of the ESPO-II oil pipeline. Today, under the control of the regional oil pipeline department "Dalnerechensk" LLC "Transneft - Far East" there are 943.8 kilometers of main oil pipeline, five oil pumping stations, two of which are equipped with tank farms with a total volume of 220 cubic meters. m. The RNU "Dalnerechensk" also includes two central repair services "Khabarovsk" and "Dalnerechensk", a production service base.

Financial services

Representative offices and offices of the largest financial organizations are located in Dalnerechensk - Rosgosstrakh, Sberbank, Vostochny Express Bank, etc.

Climate

mass media

The following periodicals are published in the city: “Dalnerechye”, “Shock Front”, “Narodnaya Vest”.

Radio stations:

In Dalnerechensk, 2 radio stations of the FM range and 1 VHF range are broadcast:

• 69.32 VHF - “Radio Russia”
• 103.3 FM - “Vladivostok FM”
• 103.9 FM - “Avtoradio-Dalnerechensk”

Three FM radio stations also plan to start broadcasting:

• 95.8 FM – Radio Russia
• 101.8 FM - “Love Radio”
• 104.5 FM - “Primorskaya Wave”

Radio stations broadcast from the Dalnerechenskaya RTPS, which is located on Mount Znamenskaya. Dalnerechensk radio stations are received in the Dalnerechensky and Pozharsky districts.

Attractions

• Memorial complexes to border guards who died defending the state border of the USSR.
• Memorial complex to the border guard heroes who fell on March 2, 1969 on Damansky Island[23].
• Ethnographic complex “Sources of Dalnerechye”, including a chapel on the banks of the Ussuri River.
• The first military burial 1859-1918
• “Memorial of Glory” and “Museum of Defensive Structures of the 109th Fortified Area”.
• Monument "Motto - Oath".

Geography

The city is located on the left bank of the river. The Bolshaya Ussurka River, near its mouth in the Ussuri River which here forms the border between Russia and China. The border with China is approximately 5 km from the city center. The city is also located on the Malinovka River, which merges with the Bolshaya Ussurskaya River within the city limits.

The spurs of the Sikhote-Alin are visible and can be accessed from anywhere in the city in clear weather. Salskaya Gorka, an extinct volcano on the shores of Bolshaya Ussurka, is also located near the city. The proximity of the taiga and the mineral springs Lastochka and Shmakovka, numerous lakes and rivers, an abundance of sunny days and the calm, measured life of the city make Dalnerechensk a tourist attraction.

An excerpt characterizing Dalnerechensk

“Oh, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Eh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the cannonball that hit the wheel and the man’s leg. - Come on, you foxes! - another laughed at the bending militiamen entering the battery behind the wounded man. - Isn’t the porridge tasty? Oh, the crows, they slaughtered! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of the soldier with a severed leg. “That’s something, little guy,” they mimicked the men. – They don’t like passion. Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that hit, after each loss, the general revival flared up more and more. As if from an approaching thundercloud, more and more often, lighter and brighter, lightning of a hidden, flaring fire flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in rebuff to what was happening). Pierre did not look forward to the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in the contemplation of this increasingly flaring fire, which in the same way (he felt) was flaring up in his soul. At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers who were in front of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looked angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover stationed behind the battery to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, a drum and command shouts were heard in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, and from the battery it was visible how the ranks of the infantry moved forward. Pierre looked through the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, walked backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looked around uneasily. The rows of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, and their prolonged screams and frequent gunfire could be heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. The soldiers moved more busily and more animatedly around the guns. Nobody paid attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice they shouted at him angrily for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frowning face, moved with large, fast steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. The soldiers fired, turned, loaded, and did their job with tense panache. They bounced as they walked, as if on springs. A thundercloud had moved in, and the fire that Pierre had been watching burned brightly in all their faces. He stood next to the senior officer. The young officer ran up to the elder officer, with his hand on his shako. - I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, would you order to continue firing? - he asked. - Buckshot! - Without answering, the senior officer shouted, looking through the rampart. Suddenly something happened; The officer gasped and, curling up, sat down on the ground, like a shot bird in flight. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre’s eyes. One after another, the cannonballs whistled and hit the parapet, the soldiers, and the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. To the side of the battery, on the right, the soldiers were running, shouting “Hurray,” not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre. The cannonball hit the very edge of the shaft in front of which Pierre stood, sprinkled earth, and a black ball flashed in his eyes, and at the same instant it smacked into something. The militia who had entered the battery ran back. - All with buckshot! - the officer shouted. The non-commissioned officer ran up to the senior officer and in a frightened whisper (as a butler reports to his owner at dinner that there is no more wine required) said that there were no more charges. - Robbers, what are they doing! - the officer shouted, turning to Pierre. The senior officer's face was red and sweaty, his frowning eyes sparkling. – Run to the reserves, bring the boxes! - he shouted, angrily looking around Pierre and turning to his soldier. “I’ll go,” said Pierre. The officer, without answering him, walked in the other direction with long steps. – Don’t shoot... Wait! - he shouted. The soldier, who was ordered to go for the charges, collided with Pierre. “Eh, master, there’s no place for you here,” he said and ran downstairs. Pierre ran after the soldier, going around the place where the young officer was sitting. One, another, a third cannonball flew over him, hitting in front, from the sides, from behind. Pierre ran downstairs. "Where am I going?" - he suddenly remembered, already running up to the green boxes. He stopped, undecided whether to go back or forward. Suddenly a terrible shock threw him back to the ground. At the same instant, the brilliance of a large fire illuminated him, and at the same instant a deafening thunder, crackling and whistling sound rang in his ears. Pierre, having woken up, was sitting on his backside, leaning his hands on the ground; the box he was near was not there; only green burnt boards and rags were lying on the scorched grass, and the horse, shaking its shaft with fragments, galloped away from him, and the other, like Pierre himself, lay on the ground and squealed shrilly, protractedly. Pierre, unconscious from fear, jumped up and ran back to the battery, as the only refuge from all the horrors that surrounded him. While Pierre was entering the trench, he noticed that no shots were heard at the battery, but some people were doing something there. Pierre did not have time to understand what kind of people they were. He saw the senior colonel lying with his back to him on the rampart, as if examining something below, and he saw one soldier he noticed, who, breaking forward from the people holding his hand, shouted: “Brothers!” – and saw something else strange. But he had not yet had time to realize that the colonel had been killed, that the one shouting “brothers!” There was a prisoner who, in front of his eyes, was bayoneted in the back by another soldier. As soon as he ran into the trench, a thin, yellow, sweaty-faced man in a blue uniform, with a sword in his hand, ran at him, shouting something. Pierre, instinctively defending himself from the push, since they, without seeing, ran away from each other, put out his hands and grabbed this man (it was a French officer) with one hand by the shoulder, with the other by the proud. The officer, releasing his sword, grabbed Pierre by the collar. For several seconds, they both looked with frightened eyes at faces alien to each other, and both were at a loss about what they had done and what they should do. “Am I taken prisoner or is he taken prisoner by me? - thought each of them. But, obviously, the French officer was more inclined to think that he had been taken prisoner, because Pierre’s strong hand, driven by involuntary fear, squeezed his throat tighter and tighter. The Frenchman wanted to say something, when suddenly a cannonball whistled low and terribly above their heads, and it seemed to Pierre that the French officer’s head had been torn off: he bent it so quickly. Pierre also bowed his head and let go of his hands. Without thinking any more about who took whom prisoner, the Frenchman ran back to the battery, and Pierre went downhill, stumbling over the dead and wounded, who seemed to him to be catching his legs. But before he had time to go down, dense crowds of fleeing Russian soldiers appeared towards him, who, falling, stumbling and screaming, ran joyfully and violently towards the battery. (This was the attack that Ermolov attributed to himself, saying that only his courage and happiness could have accomplished this feat, and the attack in which he allegedly threw the St. George crosses that were in his pocket onto the mound.) The French who occupied battery, let's run. Our troops, shouting “Hurray,” drove the French so far behind the battery that it was difficult to stop them. Prisoners were taken from the battery, including a wounded French general, who was surrounded by officers. Crowds of wounded, familiar and unfamiliar to Pierre, Russians and French, with faces disfigured by suffering, walked, crawled and rushed from the battery on stretchers. Pierre entered the mound, where he spent more than an hour, and from the family circle that accepted him, he did not find anyone. There were many dead here, unknown to him. But he recognized some. The young officer sat, still curled up, at the edge of the shaft, in a pool of blood. The red-faced soldier was still twitching, but they did not remove him. Pierre ran downstairs. “No, now they will leave it, now they will be horrified by what they did!” - thought Pierre, aimlessly following the crowds of stretchers moving from the battlefield. But the sun, obscured by smoke, still stood high, and in front, and especially to the left of Semyonovsky, something was boiling in the smoke, and the roar of shots, shooting and cannonade not only did not weaken, but intensified to the point of despair, like a man who, straining himself, screams with all his might. The main action of the Battle of Borodino took place in the space of a thousand fathoms between Borodin and Bagration’s flushes. (Outside this space, on the one hand, the Russians made a demonstration by Uvarov's cavalry in mid-day; on the other hand, behind Utitsa, there was a clash between Poniatowski and Tuchkov; but these were two separate and weak actions in comparison with what happened in the middle of the battlefield. ) On the field between Borodin and the flushes, near the forest, in an open area visible from both sides, the main action of the battle took place, in the most simple, ingenuous way.

Historical information about the role of Dalnerechensk in the defense of the fatherland (page 1)

Dalnerechensky urban district

HISTORICAL REFERENCE

ABOUT THE ROLE OF DALNERECHENSK IN THE DEFENSE OF THE FATHERLAND

Primorsky Krai

Dalnerechensk

2013

Dalnerechensk is the oldest city in Primorye, founded in 1859 as a stronghold on the border line of the Russian Empire on its Far Eastern borders. Its history is inextricably linked with the glorious pages of the military past of our Motherland and serves as the starting point for the chronicle of the development of the border service in the south of the Russian Far East. Located on an extremely important section of the Russian-Chinese border, Dalnerechensk still plays the role of a link connecting Primorye with the rest of Russia. He was repeatedly in the zone of combat operations, which took place not only in his immediate vicinity, but also within the city limits. In August 1945, Dalnerechensk became the last Soviet city to return to peaceful life, as battles with Japanese troops on the approaches to it continued until Japan’s surrender in World War II. In subsequent years, it finally cemented its reputation as an unshakable border stronghold of the Russian state.

Part 1. Dalnerechensk as a symbol of Russia’s establishment in the Far East (1859 – 1889)

The legal basis for the appearance of the city of Dalnerechensk on the map of our Fatherland, originally called the village of Grafsky, was the Aigun Treaty between Russia and China, concluded on May 16, 1858. According to clause 1 of this treaty, the entire left bank of the Amur, right down to its sea bed, was recognized as Russian territory[1 ]. The village of Grafsky was part of the initial bridgehead at the decisive stage of the peaceful advance of our compatriots into the still unexplored corners of the Russian land - into the wilds of the Ussuri region. As the course of subsequent events showed, it became a real military base, held at the cost of many human lives.

The Russians' exploration of the vast expanses of Eastern Siberia is one of the most heroic and tragic pages of Russian history. The great explorer of the Far East, Admiral (1813-1876), considered the heroism of defending Russia's interests in the 19th century. on the Pacific borders only as a direct continuation of the glorious deeds of the Russian people in the person of the detachments of atamans V. Poyarkov, E. Khabarov, N. Chernigovsky and O. Stepanov, who formed the basis for the assertion of the Amur and Ussuri region with the island of Sakhalin for the Russian power[2].

For the Russians, the struggle for Eastern Siberia (including the Far East) was a great historical mission that was of a civilizational nature. Russia's advance to the shores of the Pacific Ocean was not associated with the conquest of lands and peoples, but with the formation of a qualitatively new geopolitical space, which embodied the harmonious interweaving and mutual influence of various cultures located within the borders of the Russian Empire. And in this process, the Cossacks were given an honorable and very responsible role as pioneers.

The starting point of the history of Dalnerechensk should be considered July 1858, when the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia (1809-1881) personally examined the left bank of the Amur, not yet inhabited by the Russians, and ordered the creation of a guard chain of Cossack villages here, which he called the “Cossack line”. A few days later, in a report sent to the leader. book Konstantin Nikolaevich, it was indicated that the location of each of the future settlements was determined in strict accordance with his personal opinion and the conclusion of the governor’s confidant - an officer of the General Staff seconded to him[3].

Among others, a place was indicated for the settlement, named the village of Grafsky in honor of its founder. Its first buildings appeared in the spring of 1859, upon the arrival of the next batch of settlers—Transbaikal Cossacks—in the valley of the Ussuri, Bolshaya Ussurka and Malinovka rivers[4]. Transbaikal residents, including those who settled in Grafskoye, were assigned to the Ussuri foot battalion of the Amur Cossack army. It was the first and for 10 years the only military unit in the region that successfully resisted Chinese expansion in the North Ussuri region.

The “Ussuri Line” of Cossack settlements has become the main means of countering the so-called Chinese illegal armed groups. Honghuz, who posed a huge threat to Russian interests in the Far East. Honghuz detachments regularly invaded Russian territory, engaging in battle even with army units, destroying peaceful settlements and military posts. The fight against them was in the nature of an “undeclared” war that lasted more than 50 years and claimed thousands of human lives.

The Hunhuzes first tried to destroy the village of Grafsky in the summer of 1859, but, after an unsuccessful clash with the Cossacks, they hastened to take refuge in Chinese territory. This year marks the first military burial in Dalnerechensk. Then failure befell the Chinese-Manchu officials, referred to as noyons in 19th-century documents, who personally supervised the transfer of alcoholic beverages to Russia to intoxicate the Cossacks from the village of Grafsky and undermine their combat effectiveness[5]. But even this kind of hostile actions were soon decisively suppressed by the command of the Ussuri foot battalion of the Amur Cossack army. Since that time, this section of the Russian-Chinese border has become perhaps the most well protected from bandit raids and the machinations of smugglers.

The village of Grafsky covered the main land transport routes connecting the Ussuri region with Russia, along which convoys with settlers, military units, as well as various cargo for civil and military purposes went to the developed territories. The plot of land allocated for the village lay directly in the path of Chinese Honghuz robbers who raided Russian gold mines in the Amur region. On this section of the border, Chinese bandit formations made breakthroughs into Russian territory, which were accompanied by brutal arbitrariness against the local population[6]. The Chinese produced up to 125 pounds of gold annually from the Amur gold mines alone[7].

The Cossacks of the village of Grafsky performed the functions of border guards and played a significant role in the “battle for Russian gold.” They offered armed resistance to Honghuz gangs, intercepting them during incursions into Russian territory and during attempts to leave it. The importance of the military-strategic position of the village of Grafsky, which in various sources is often called a village and, according to local residents, was such, was soon recognized by the authorities of Manchurian China. They responded to his appearance by creating their administrative center directly opposite the Cossack settlement. It was the residence of all Manchu officials responsible for protecting the border with Russia in its Primorsky section[8].

The Chinese authorities did not hide the fact that their interest in the Russian territories located at the confluence of three rivers - the Ussuri, Iman (Bolshaya Ussurka) and Malinovka - goes beyond the practice of maintaining ordinary interstate relations.

The Chinese were intensively preparing for a war against Russia, and Honghuz gangs were called upon to become their vanguard in the coming armed conflict. In addition, significant forces of the regular Chinese army were concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the village of Grafskaya - 8 old banner contingents, reserve units of the new system and border troops with a total number of 63,951 people[9]. For comparison, at approximately the same period of time, only 112,944 people lived in 344 villages of the Primorsky region, including old people, women, children and representatives of small peoples of the Far East[10].

In the conditions of the brewing war, Colonel Yev, who was the chief of staff of the combined forces of ground units and Cossacks under the military governor of the Primorsky region, in the winter of 1865 notified the political leadership of the Russian Empire of the Chinese’s readiness to slaughter all Russians on both banks of the Amur[11].

From the point of view of the Russian military command, the Iman direction, in the general plan of the impending invasion of Chinese-Manchurian troops in the Amur-Ussuri region, could turn out to be almost the main one[12]. With a decisive blow here, the enemy had the opportunity to cut off the Primorsky region from the rest of Russia. The Russian authorities made great efforts to strengthen the defense capabilities of the so-called villages and villages. "Cossack line", including the Count's. These events chronologically coincided with a sharp increase in the influence of the Honghuz in the Russian Far East, which was opposed, first of all, by the Cossacks, as the traveler pointed out in his memoirs [13].

The Hunkhuz tried to establish their dominance in the territory not only of the South Ussuri region. They were also very active in the Amur region, often threatening even Khabarovsk [14].

In 1868, the Ussuri region was shaken by a war with the Chinese robber freemen “Man Tzu” - Honghuz, vagabonds, illegal gold miners, as well as purveyors of furs, ginseng and other gifts from the Ussuri taiga. This armed conflict lasted only 2 months. However, its scale and consequences turned out to be so great that they prompted a popular Russian writer in 1883 to coin the concept of the “Manza War.”

In May 1868, in the immediate vicinity of the village of Grafskaya, active military operations were carried out to destroy the Honghuz detachments of the field commander Dyn Sua, who had been considerably thinned out in battles with the Ussuri foot battalion of the Amur Cossack Army (commander - lieutenant colonel) in the central regions of the South Ussuri region[15].

As a result of the “Manzovsky” war of 1868, the Honghuzes defeated the Streletsky military post, destroyed the villages of Shkotovaya, Nikolskaya, and Suifunskaya, and tried to storm Vladivostok. In southern and central Primorye, they launched attacks against army units armed with artillery pieces and engaged in battles with amphibious assault forces supported by fire from warships. However, the Honghuzes never dared to attack the seemingly more vulnerable Cossack settlements in the north of the Ussuri region. The village of Grafskaya, which was located right next to the Russian-Chinese border, also survived. The Honghuzes saw the Cossacks, armed only with guns and swords, as the most dangerous and merciless enemies, whom they did not risk meeting on the battlefield.

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