Dorogobuzh. City with the largest globe

Dorogobuzh - an ancient fortress

23.05.2014

The remoteness of Dorogobuzh from main highways and railways was the reason that it never became a major industrial center. But its centuries-old history attracts those who travel around the Smolensk region, allowing them to recreate a complete picture of this western region, which has experienced many turbulent historical events and wars over the centuries.

Now Dorogobuzh is a small town a hundred kilometers from Smolensk, on the Dnieper River, green and picturesque in a provincial way. Its remoteness from main highways and railways was the reason that it never became a major industrial center. But its centuries-old history attracts those who travel around the Smolensk region, allowing them to recreate a complete picture of this western region, which has experienced many turbulent historical events and wars over the centuries.

The founding date of the city is considered to be 1150, at least then it was first mentioned in the “Charter of Pogorodie and Honor” as one of the Smolensk cities. It is believed that the city was founded by the Smolensk prince Rostislav as a fortress designed to defend the Smolensk principality from the east from the ambitious prince Yuri Dolgoruky and his growing Rostov-Suzdal principality. As the administrative center of the entire district, it allowed the Smolensk princes to collect taxes from the local population. In addition, the city stood on busy trade routes that led to the countries of the Arab East.

The origin of the city's name comes from the city of Dorogobuzh in the Volyn region. Izyaslav, the elder brother of Rostislav, reigned in the Volyn principality. To honor the glory and power of his brother, the Smolensk prince named the new city in honor of the Volyn Dorogobuzh, which belonged to Izyaslav. Such a transfer of the names of southern Russian cities to the northeast of Rus' was then a common phenomenon. Others see the roots of the name Dorogobuzh in the old Russian combination “buzhat roads”, i.e. pave. Another interpretation is Dorogobuzh - road up the mountain (buzh - mountain).

Initially, Dorogobuzh was ruled by the governor of the Smolensk prince. Archaeologists have established that at that time there was a wooden fortress in the center of the city, the main part of which was located on the fortress, which was called Val. In the center of the fortress there was a stone cathedral named after the Holy Great Martyrs Princes Boris and Gleb. Around the fortress there was a trade and craft settlement, and to the east there was a trading area. By the middle of the 13th century, Dorogobuzh together with Vyazma formed a single Vyazemsk-Dorogobuzh reign, as an integral part of the Smolensk land, ruled alternately by princes from the Smolensk princely family.

There is no evidence of an attack by the Mongol-Tatars on Dorogobuzh; apparently the Mongol-Tatar invasion bypassed the city. But in 1300 the city became the center of princely feuds. During the struggle for the Smolensk princely throne, Prince Alexander Glebovich did not rightfully take the reign in Smolensk. Dorogobuzh and Vyazma did not recognize the new prince. In response, he besieged Dorogobuzh and, according to the chronicler, “he did a lot of evil to people, taking away their water.” Prince Andrei of Vyazma came to the aid of the Dorogbuzhans, who defeated the army of Alexander Glebovich.

For the next more than three centuries, the Dorogobuzh region, like the entire Smolensk land, found itself between two powerful states - the Moscow and Lithuanian principalities. The last mention of an independent reign dates back to 1345, when the Vyazemsky and Dorogobuzh prince Fyodor Svyatoslavovich married his daughter to the Moscow ruler Simeon the Proud, left his possessions and received an estate in Volok Lamsky.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Dorogobuzh was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. In the 1430s. years, Dorogobuzh belonged to Prince Andrei Dmitrievich from the family of Tver princes, who was in the Lithuanian service, but after 1440 it became the fiefdom of the Troki governor Jan Gashtold, and then his son Martin. For a short time, the governorship is mentioned: in 1489 - Prince Timofey Vladimirovich Mosalsky, from 1499 - Senko Pleshkin.

View of pre-revolutionary Dorogobuzh

In 1492, on his way to Moscow, Prince Semyon Fedorovich Vorotynsky briefly captured the Dorogobuzh parish of Velikoye Pole. The governor or owner of Dorogobuzh since March 1494 was Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Odoevsky. However, he soon went into the service of the Moscow Grand Duke, and Dorogobuzh from May 1494 again became the patrimonial possession of the Gashtolds, having been transferred to Anna, the widow of Martin Gashtold. Dorogobuzh was a profitable property, because Trade routes then passed through it, connecting the southern Russian lands with the northeast of Rus'. In connection with Dorogobuzh, customs were first mentioned in 1427; a charter from that year states that duties should be collected from passing merchants “as of old.”

In 1492, a long war began between Moscow and Lithuania. In 1493, Moscow troops took Vyazma, and in June 1500, Dorogobuzh. Here, on July 14, 1500, a decisive battle took place near the Vedrosha River. By numerical superiority, the Moscow army won. According to the truce of 1503, Dorogobuzh became the center of one of the districts of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, uniting 28 volosts, taken away mainly from Smolensk. But then Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Stanislav Kishka again occupied Dorogobuzh in 1507-1508. However, according to the eternal peace of 1508 and the truces of 1522, 1527, 1537, 1542, 1549, 1553 and 1556, Dorogobuzh remained with Moscow. During the Livonian War in 1580, a detachment of the Orsha elder Philon Kmita-Chernobylsky was repulsed from Dorogobuzh.

All these military campaigns, which lasted without interruption for 30 years, completely ruined Dorogobuzh. In 1508 it was burned to the ground by the Lithuanians. To restore the city, Moscow Prince Vasily III sent Italian masters Bartholomew and Mastrobon from Moscow to build a new fortress. The “Painted List of Dorogobuzh”, dated 1694, gives an idea of ​​the Dorogobuzh fortress of that time. The length of the fortress wall was 180 fathoms (more than 380 meters). The fortress had 14 towers, one of them (the southern one) was called Spasskaya. There were 43 copper and iron cannonballs in the fortress; the artillerymen of that time had 2,683 cannonballs at their disposal. In 1530, not far from Dorogobuzh, the Monk Gerasim Boldinsky founded a monastery.

Presumably, the construction of the monastery fortifications was led by the outstanding architect Fyodor Savelyevich Kon, who later built the Smolensk fortress wall. In any case, the Boldinsky cathedral, bell tower and refectory were among the best architectural structures of the Moscow state; the monastery was surrounded by a fortress wall with towers and watchtowers. He owned 100 villages as the largest estate of the Smolensk region.

Mention is also made of three monasteries in Dorogobuzh itself - Dmitrovsky, Arkhangelsky, Pokrovsky (women's). In addition, in the city there were farmsteads of the Boldinsky and Polyanovsky monasteries.

On the eve of the Time of Troubles, Dorogobuzh was one of the most important cities. The shortest road from the West to Moscow, the Smolensk Road, passed through it. Foreign ambassadors traveled along it to Moscow, and it was in Dorogobuzh that the royal envoys met them. Trade developed - hemp, flax, honey, lard, meat, leather. But during the Time of Troubles the city continually changed hands, which completely devastated the Dorogobuzh land. In 1614, the Dorogobuzh governor N. Likharev wrote to Moscow that in the city “after the Polish devastation there were only 10 people left, and the Cossacks owned the district.” It is known that Dorogobuzh nobles and townspeople took part in the twenty-month heroic defense of Smolensk from the Poles, and later many Dorogobuzh nobles formed the core of the people's militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, who liberated Moscow from the Poles.

In 1617, Dorogobuzh was finally captured by the army of Prince Vladislav and, under the terms of the Deulin Truce of 1618, was left behind by Poland. In 1632-1634, Dorogobuzh was occupied by Russian troops and became the main stronghold of the army of governor M.B. Shein on Smolensk. In October 1633, the Dorogobuzh fortress withstood a 4-day siege by many times superior enemy forces. But according to the Treaty of Polyanovsky in 1634, the city was returned to Poland. The Dorogobuzh residents tried to get the Magdeburg law from the Poles, but they were refused for their weak resistance to the Moscow troops, and they lost the right to self-government. They were governed like an ordinary voight, and were glad when in 1654 Dorogobuzh, together with other Smolensk lands, was conquered by Russia from Poland, and in 1667, according to the Truce of Andrusovo, it finally went to Russia.

The 17th and 18th centuries were a time of prosperity for the city. The main occupation of the population was trade. Merchants traded with the ports of Riga, Arkhangelsk and St. Petersburg, from where Russian goods were transported to other countries. The main industry was hemp production. This was even reflected in the content of the city’s coat of arms: it depicted three bundles of hemp; in the coat of arms of 1780 this image was repeated: “There are three bundles of hemp in a red and silver shield.”

In 1724, the first big fire occurred in the city, which extremely ruined the Dorogobuzh philistinism. In 1763, a second big fire occurred, during which the entire central part of Dorogobuzh burned down along with the remains of the fortress. Catherine II ordered that one of the first regular city development plans in Russia be drawn up for Dorogobuzh. Work on the design and development of Dorogobuzh was carried out by students of the famous Russian architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. So, Prince N. Meshchersky himself supervised the construction, and then in 1776 he became the first Dorogobuzh mayor. The city did not have enough funds to build a stone fortress with 6 bastions on the Val, as Catherine II planned, but stone churches, trade and administrative buildings were built, and all the churches, six in number, with the exception of the Catherine Cathedral, were built by the townspeople at their own expense .

During the War of 1812, it was planned to give a general battle near Dorogobuzh, but then M.B. Barclay de Tolly and P.I. Bagration recognized the position as unsatisfactory, and the city was abandoned. But when retreating along the Smolensk road, the French were forced to return to Dorogobuzh, where frost and hunger awaited them, and here the death of Napoleon’s Great Army began. When the troops of General M.A. Miloradovich liberated Dorogobuzh in October, it turned out that two-thirds of the city had burned out.

But the city began to recover. Local merchants were not rich; they traded (mainly with the port of Riga) in bread, hemp, flaxseed and hemp. In addition, there was a lively trade in horses and cattle in the city. At the end of June, the largest and oldest fair, the Light Fair, usually took place. Most of the residents of Dorogobuzh were bourgeois, with their own special way of life, culture and even their own special secret Kubrei language, understandable only to Dorogobuzh residents. The townspeople were proud of their old families, dating back at least to the 17th century. Stone merchant houses appeared in the city; in 1861, the first women's school in the province was opened, which was later transformed into a women's gymnasium. In 1864, the first public library was created in Dorogobuzh.

The city was not rich and did not become an industrial center because the railroad bypassed it. But thanks to the efforts of the zemstvo, a stone hospital complex was built in the city at the beginning of the 20th century, and a telephone appeared in 1911. Much has been done for the existence of educational institutions and hospitals by benefactors, among whom the names of Sveshnikovs, Baryshnikovs, Smirnovs, Goncharovs, Goltsovs and Eliseevs are known. D. Sveshnikov did a lot during his forty years as mayor. He even donated his large two-story brick house for a men's gymnasium. On the eve of the revolution in Dorogobuzh there were men's (1907) and women's gymnasiums, a city 6-grade school, a vocational school (1911), a bank (1913), two cinemas (1912), two libraries, two pharmacies, an excellent city hospital .

During the years of the Soviet five-year plans, a power station (1935), a mechanized creamery plant (1935), a bridge across the Dnieper, a railway line, pedagogical and livestock technical schools (1930), a medical school (1936) were built in the city. In 1930, near Dorogobuzh there was An artillery training ground for the Western Military District was created, one of the largest in the country, where thousands of soldiers and cadets trained.

Historical monuments on the city's earthen rampart

The Patriotic War came to the city on July 25, 1941, when most of it was burned during a bombing. During the Battle of Smolensk, the front line passed near Dorogobuzh for 2.5 months. On October 8, the city was captured by the Germans. But Dorogobuzh became known throughout the country for its partisan movement. The famous partisan detachments “Grandfather”, “Hurricane”, “Thirteen” operated here. On February 15, 1942, the partisans liberated Dorogobuzh and the entire region from the enemy. The city turned into the center of an entire partisan region, more extensive than ever. It was here that the first largest partisan formation of the Patriotic War, the 1st Smolensk Partisan Division, was created. She was assisted by the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps of General P.A. Belov, and directly in Dorogobuzh there was the headquarters of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division of General V.K. Baranov. The partisans held the city for almost three and a half months. But in June 1942, the Nazis recaptured the city and carried out a punitive operation in it. They blew up almost all the temples in the city and caused a lot of destruction. Only on September 1, 1943, Dorogobuzh was liberated by the troops of the 312th Infantry Division under the command of Colonel A.G. Moiseevsky.

Ruins and ashes greeted the liberators, the population decreased almost 10 times, from 8.5 thousand to 815 people. Almost all historical monuments have disappeared, because... the houses remaining after the fascist destruction were dismantled by the population into bricks, and by the 1960s the historical appearance of the city was lost.

But the city was revived thanks to an industrial boom. The Dorogobuzhskaya State District Power Plant was built and the Dorogobuzh industrial hub arose. A nitrogen fertilizer plant, a boiler house, and a cardboard and roofing felt plant were built. The eighties were marked by residential construction; a modern microdistrict was built on the right bank of the Dnieper. In 1997, the second bridge across the Dnieper was built. Now in Dorogobuzh there are 2 secondary schools, evening and music schools, a vocational school, a library, a cinema, a House of Culture, pre-school and medical institutions.

Church of Peter and Paul

Among the historical and architectural monuments, it should be mentioned that on the left hill of the Dnieper there was an ancient settlement, where previously there was a fortress with 14 towers, of which only the remains of earthen ramparts have survived. In 1912, a monument to the Patriotic War of 1812 was erected on this site - a Doric column 12 m high with a cross. The main attraction of the city is the beautiful views of the floodplain meadows of the Dnieper. In the west of the city there is a restored brick church of Peter and Paul (1835) with a refectory and a bell tower. On the right bank of the Dnieper you can see the monastic courtyard of the Boldinsky Monastery. And in the village of Boldin there is the Gerasimo-Boldinsky Monastery, which was founded in 1528 and is still in operation. Among the architectural monuments on the territory of the monastery, the Church of Tikhon of Kaluga (1890s) and the refectory are attractive. During the Great Patriotic War, the monastery was the headquarters of the partisans of the Dorogobuzh region. You can also visit the former salt barn building, restored as a local history museum (2nd half of the 18th century); and the city estate of the merchants Sveshnikov - a complex of buildings 2nd floor. XIX century, which includes a 2-story house and three one-story outbuildings, a rare ensemble in completeness and preservation in the “brick style” characteristic of the eclecticism of the late 19th century.

Trinity-Boldin Monastery

The ensemble in the village of Aleksino, eighteen kilometers from the city, is especially attractive. The former estate of the Vyazma merchant I.S. Baryshnikov has been preserved in the village. (late 18th century - early 19th century). Extensive regular parks, artificial ponds, as well as the Church of the Archangel Michael (1794) and the Baryshnikov estate house (1819-23) remained.

Now large restoration and restoration work is being carried out by the Orthodox Church. Since ancient times, Dorogobuzh was one of the centers of Orthodoxy in the Smolensk region. From the end of the 16th century until the 20th century, the diocese bore the names of Smolensk and Dorogobuzh. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Dorogobuzh ranked first in the province in terms of the number of churches per capita. In 1988, the Church of Peter and Paul (1835) was completely recreated. In 1998, the St. Demetrius Convent was founded in the city with the help of the brethren of the Boldinsky Monastery. In 2000, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was consecrated in the courtyard of the Boldinsky Monastery in Dorogobuzh.

The city continues to live the life of a provincial, but actively developing industrial and spiritual center of the Smolensk region. It attracts history buffs, antiquities, local historians and Orthodox pilgrims as one of the most ancient cities in the region.

Elena Shikova

DOROGOBUZH

DOROGOBUZH, a city in Russia, in the center. parts of the Smolensk region, the center of the Dorogobuzh district. Us. 10.0 thousand people (2017). Located on the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, on the river. Dnieper, 22 km from the railway. Safonovo station. Road junction.

Dorogobuzh. Monument in memory of the Patriotic War of 1812. 1912. Administration of the Dorogobuzh District Municipal District

Holy Trinity Gerasimov Boldinsky Monastery near Dorogobuzh. Bell tower. 1580s Photo by A. P. Pyatnov

Church of the Archangel Michael in the village of Aleksino near Dorogobuzh. 1794. Architect M. F. Kazakov. Photo by A. P. Pyatnov

Founded by the Smolensk prince. Rostislav Mstislavich, probably in the 1150s. D. was first mentioned in the so-called. an additional charter “On the city and honor” of the Smolensk bishopric (1210–17), according to which it was D., of all the peripheral cities of the Smolensk princedom, who paid the bishop the largest “honor.” It arose as a fortress that defended the lands of the Smolensk princedom from the Rostov-Suzdal, and later the Vladimir, region from the east. principalities Detinets (round in plan, diameter of the site 130 m) was surrounded by a rampart (partially preserved) and a moat on the floor side. On Detinets there was a stone temple built pre-Mongol (2nd half of the 12th – early 13th centuries). It is known that there are churches in the settlement: Borisoglebskaya, Pokrovskaya, Pyatnitskaya and Trinity. Population of D. after the death of Prince. Fyodor Rostislavich Cherny refused to recognize the power of the Smolensk prince. Alexander Glebovich, who besieged the city in 1300. The residents of Dorogobuzh turned to the Vyazma prince for help. Andrei Mikhailovich, who in the battle of D. defeated the troops of the Smolensk princes Alexander and Roman Glebovich. However, the resources of D. and Vyazma were not enough for long-term resistance to the Smolensk prince. In the beginning. 14th century as a result of a new siege, D. was subjugated by the Smolensk prince, his child was completely destroyed (life was preserved only at the settlement). All R. 14th century the city was part of the domain of Fyodor Svyatoslavich, his father-in-law. book Vladimirsky Semyon Ivanovich. Some chronicle sources contain mention of the death of the Dorogobuzh prince in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Vladimir Head. In 1403–04 D. became part of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. In the end 1420s – 1430s belonged to the prince. Andrei Dmitrievich, a native of the Tver Rurikovichs, who was in Lithuania. service. After 1440 it was transferred to the possession of the Lithuanians. magnates Gashtold. In June 1500, during the Rus.-Litov. wars of 1500–03, D. was occupied by the Russians. troops, according to the Moscow Truce of 1503 remained part of the Russian Federation. state During the Russian-Lithuanian Wars of 1507–08 briefly occupied Lithuania. troops. In 1508–1509, by order of the leader. book Vasily III Ivanovich of Moscow sent Italians from Moscow to build a new fortress in D. masters Bartolomeo Fryazin (Bartolomey) and probably Bon Fryazin (Mastroban).

At 16 – start. 17th centuries D. was one of the most important fortresses and a gathering point for Russians. troops to the west borders of Rus. state, including during the Livonian War of 1558–83. During the Time of Troubles it changed hands several times. In 1617 it was captured by the troops of Prince Vladislav (the future Polish king Vladislav IV) and, under the terms of the Deulin Truce of 1618, remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the Smolensk War of 1632–34, Russian was taken. troops and became chief. a stronghold for the offensive of the army of governor M.B. Shein towards Smolensk. However, according to the Polyanovsky Peace of 1634, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was returned. In the 17th century The Danish fortress included three wooden-earth castles (“cities”) connected together, surrounded by a rampart and a moat (the length of the walls was 1.2 km; according to various descriptions, there were 13–14 towers; the earthen fortifications of the “upper city” were partially preserved). In 1654, during the Russian-Polish war 1654–67, D. taken by Russian. troops and under the terms of the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667 became part of Russia. state Gradually lost important military. significance in connection with the return to Rus. state and Smolensk.

County town of Smolensk (1708–13, 1726–1927; in 1775–96 – Smolensk governorship) and Riga (1713–26) provinces. In the 18th century large shopping center. In 1724 and 1763 the center. part of the city was destroyed by fires. In 1765, a regular plan for the development of D. was approved. Bo time Otech. war of 1812 D. (in August) occupied by the French. troops. Released 26 Oct. (7 Nov.) russian vanguard under command. gene. from inf. M. A. Miloradovich. All R. 19th century in D. were mainly small processing enterprises. Trade in bread, hemp, flaxseed and hemp developed. In 1861, the first in the Smolensk province was created in D. women's school.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Soviet Union was proclaimed in D. power. In 1927–29, the volost center of Yartsevsky district. In 1929–37, the regional center of the Western region, in 1937–63 and from 1965 – of the Smolensk region. In Vel. Otech. During the war the city was occupied by Germany. troops (8.10.1941). Liberated on February 15, 1942 by partisans (detachments “Uragan”, “Grandfather”, “Grandfather”, “Chaika”) during the Rzhev-Vyazma operation of 1942. In the beginning. 1942 the center of the vast Dorogobuzh partisan region, defended by partisans and units of the 4th Guards. airborne corps of the Red Army. Germany is re-occupied. troops 8.6.1942. Released on September 1, 1943 during the Elninsk-Dorogobuzh operation of 1943. At the end. 1950s In connection with the construction of the Dorogobuzh State District Power Plant, 7 km from D., the Dorogobuzh industrial center was formed, which, along with D., included the village. mountains type Verkhnedneprovsky, formed in 1956. In 1963–65 as part of the Safonovsky district. In the beginning. 2000s Dorogobuzhsky district is one of the most industrially developed areas of the Smolensk region.

Among the architectural monuments: St. Demetrius Church (early 18th century), former. salt barn building (2nd half of the 18th century; now the regional Museum of History and Local Lore, opened in 1919), c. Apostles Peter and Paul (1835), mountains. estate of the merchants Sveshnikov (late 19th century), formerly building of the district zemstvo government (late 19th - early 20th centuries), hospital town (late 19th - early 20th centuries). Monuments: monument in memory of the Fatherland. war of 1812 on the mountains. the rampart (built in 1912); T-34 tank, installed in honor of the liberation of D. by units of the Red Army.

Representative office of Russia new university College of Management (2002).

Enterprises in the food industry, lumber production, etc. Forestry.

Near D., in the village. mountains type Verkhnedneprovsky, - enterprises: Dorogobuzh (part of the Acron group; mineral fertilizers, etc.), Dorogobuzhkotlomash (large manufacturer of hot water boilers), Polimerkrovlya-Dorogobuzh (soft roofing materials), Dorogobuzhskaya CHPP (introduced put into operation in 1957 as a state district power station; approx. 130 MW).

15 km east of D., in the village. Boldino, there is one of the oldest monastic ensembles in the Smolensk region - the Holy Trinity Gerasimov Boldino Monastery, founded by St. Gerasim Boldinsky in 1530 (closed in 1929, reopened in 1991). Basic the structures were created in the 1580s–90s, but during the Great Otech. war in March 1943 the Germans were blown up. troops. In 1964–69, under the direction of P. D. Baranovsky restoration work was carried out. work has been continued since 1969 under the supervision of A. M. Ponomareva. By 2007, the refectory with the c. Introductions (1966–2003, with a wooden tent instead of a stone one and 6 m lower than it), a bell tower (1977–88), and also built in the 1770s. fence and Tikhonovskaya Church. 2nd floor 19th century on the site of the cell of St. Gerasim Boldinsky (1993). The restoration of the Trinity Cathedral continues (started in 2005). 18 km southeast of D. is located the former. The Baryshnikov estate Aleksino is the largest architectural and park ensemble in the Smolensk region. M. F. Kazakov probably took part in the design (Church of St. Michael the Archangel, 1794; St. Andrew's Fortress in the pseudo-Gothic style, between 1798 and 1810; residential outbuildings, stables and a complex of outbuildings, 1770–80s) and D. I. Gilardi (palace, 1819–23; Music Pavilion, between 1818 and 1824). The estate park consists of three parts: the original regular park itself (late 18th – early 19th centuries), which has now turned into a landscape park, the Upper and Lower parks (a system of open glades connected by a network of paths, separated by sparse groups of trees).

Small but proud Dorogobuzh

Marshal Ney's crossing of the Dnieper

Boldino Phoenix Monastery

The town of Dorogobuzh in the Smolensk region is one of the oldest not only on the Old Smolensk Road, but in Russia in general. It was founded in the 12th century by the Smolensk prince Rostislav at the border of the principality for protection from the Suzdal people... Life is always difficult for a border town. Every now and then he was captured, ravaged and burned. And again and again he recovered, rebuilt and continued to live.

Partisan detachments were formed here twice - in 1812 and 1941...

The ancient fortress – Val – still stands in the city center. Only now no one lives in Valu. This is now a monument... And the monument is a monument to everyone, although, of course, in the current complex memorial there is no mention of the defenders of the city from the Lithuanians and Poles, and even more so from the Muscovites, Smolensk and Suzdal residents.

The white column in the center is a monument to Miloradovich. On October 26, he drove the retreating Marshal Ney out of Dorogobuzh. But the monument is not only this event. All the events of 1812 related to the city are painted on the boards along the perimeter of the column.

A large semicircle with names is already another Patriotic War. A huge mass grave.

And the chapel in the center is a tribute to new times.

From the ramparts of the old fortification there is a view of the Dnieper. It doesn’t roar or groan here... and it’s not even wide)) But the open spaces themselves are wide. And what, I wonder, was it like for the defenders of the fortress to look at the army advancing from the river?.. And you can see it from afar, and you can’t do anything - just fight back...

However, the Dnieper is navigable here. A raft can float across it.

The Great Patriotic War swept here strongly. On the large new Wall of Heroes there is a whole row of memorial plaques to the heroes of Dorogobuzh.

And nearby, in the bushes, there modestly stands an old monument - forgotten...

They don’t even paint it anymore, only sometimes with silver. But the concrete banner looked so... combative...

There are very few architectural monuments left from such life in Dorogobuzh. Magistrate in the city center.

The once luxurious, but now destroyed house of Sveshnikov on the outskirts, at the exit towards Smolensk.

The church, now occupied by the Dmitrievsky Convent.

Some of the monuments look as if they have not been restored since the war itself. Or maybe that’s true...

There are also new interesting houses.

And a new nice wooden church - Kazan. It seems to be the courtyard of the Boldinsky Monastery.

I have long been interested to see what kind of city this is with such an ancient name - Dorogobuzh (there are so many versions of the name - you can’t count! And the Bug is tied here, and Dorogobuzh in Volyn, and some kind of robber). Here, I looked. Monuments, a few old houses and Soviet buildings. But the people are very friendly and sociable. And in good weather, on the way to Smolensk it is quite possible to stop here - walk along the ramparts, remember those to whom all these monuments were erected and look at the Dnieper.

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Cities

City of Dorogobuzh

- a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Dorogobuzhsky district of the Smolensk region. The population as of the end of 2011 is actually 11.1 thousand people. The city is located on the Dnieper River, 113 km from Smolensk. The head of the municipal formation “Dorogobuzhsky District” is Vladimir Egorovich Tsurenkov. The city has preserved the Church of Peter and Paul (1835), an earthen rampart - the remains of the Dorogobuzh fortress (memorial complex "Val"), and the monastery of Dmitry Solunsky. 19 km east of Dorogobuzh, in the village of Boldino, is the Gerasimo-Boldinsky Monastery. A modern race track has been built near Dorogobuzh - the Smolensk Ring circuit for automobile racing. The largest globe in Europe (second in the world, after the Donald Trumps Globe located in New York) was built in Dorogobuzh. The globe has a height of 12 meters, a diameter of 10.5 meters and a weight of 11.5 tons. The design of the globe is a metal ball (a former gas tank, which was used to accumulate nitrogen; its useful life has expired and the company’s managers decided to make it into a globe instead of scrapping it). The ball was painted by professional Smolensk artists who had undergone special training to work at heights, under the supervision of the project manager, designer Mikhail Shvedov, who planned to make it a geographical map of the world as a kind of symbol of Earth protection. The globe itself is located about . The plant is indicated on the surface of the globe by a small illuminated dot.

Education in the city of
Dorogobuzh
The city has a number of secondary specialized, general education and preschool institutions. There are no institutions of higher professional education in the city, so future students go to other cities to enroll.

Economy of the city of
Dorogobuzh
Flax processing (closed), cheese-making and brick (closed) factories, bakery (closed). Furniture manufacture. Forestry, printing house. Plant for the production of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, complex mineral fertilizers - NPK and dry mixed fertilizers, inorganic chemical products of JSC Dorogobuzh. The volume of shipped goods of own production by type “manufacturing” (2011) is 12.3 billion rubles.

History of the city of
Dorogobuzh
Dorogobuzh was first mentioned in the “Charter of Pogorodie and Honor,” dating from 1211 to 1218, among the Smolensk cities. It is assumed that the city was originally called Dorogobuzhets (from the ancient Slavic word for roads - to pave roads). There is another explanation: Dorogobuzh is a road up the mountain (buzh - mountain). Dorogobuzh, located in the upper reaches of the Dnieper and near the road from Smolensk to Moscow, was of great strategic and military importance. From the middle of the 13th century, it may have been part of the Vyazemsky appanage of the Smolensk principality (when in 1300 the Smolensk prince Alexander Glebovich besieged Dorogobuzh, the Vyazemsky prince Andrei Mikhailovich came to the aid of the city). Around 1345, the Vyazemsk and Dorogobuzh prince Fyodor Svyatoslavich married his daughter to the Moscow ruler Simeon the Proud, left his possessions and received an estate in Volok Lamsky. Together with Smolensk and Vyazma, Dorogobuzh was annexed in 1403-1404. to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Within its composition, the status of Dorogobuzh gradually changed. For some time, its own prince (Andrei Dmitrievich) remained there. Since the 40s XV century the city was the patrimony of the Trok voivode Jan Gastold, and then his son Martin. Since the late 80s. XV century known as viceroy (vicars: in 1489 - Prince Timofey Vladimirovich Mosalsky, from 1499 - Senko Pleshkin). The creation of a number of governorships on the eastern border of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Demena, Luchin-gorodok, etc.) was obviously dictated by the desire to form a line of defense against the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Already in 1492, on the way to Moscow, Prince. Semyon Fedorovich Vorotynsky briefly captured the Dorogobuzh volost of Velikoye Pole. The governor or owner of Dorogobuzh since March 1494 was Prince. Fyodor Ivanovich Odoevsky. However, he soon went into the service of the Moscow Grand Duke, and Dorogobuzh from May 1494 again became the patrimonial possession of the Gashtolds (transferred to Anna, the widow of Martin Gashtold). In May-June 1500, the city was captured by the Moscow army led by governor Yuri Zakhirich Koshkin. Soon (July 14) near Dorogobuzh on the river. Vedrosha, a battle took place that decided the fate of the city. According to the truce of 1503, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and became the center of the district, which initially united 28 volosts, taken away mainly from Smolensk. During the war of 1507-1508. Dorogobuzh was occupied by Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Stanislav Kishka. An attempt to strengthen the city and keep it for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was unsuccessful. According to the eternal peace of 1508 and the truces of 1522, 1527, 1537, 1542, 1549, 1553 and 1556. Dorogobuzh remained with Moscow. During the Livonian War in 1580, a detachment of the Orsha elder Philon Kmita-Chernobylsky was repulsed from Dorogobuzh. During the intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Russia in the winter of 1609-1610, Dorogobuzh was occupied by a detachment of captain Nelyubovich, sent by King Sigismund III from the besieged Smolensk. In 1613, Dorogobuzh was recaptured, but in 1617, the prince Vladislav approached the city and the Dorogobuzh governor Ivan Adadurov surrendered the city and took an oath in the name of the king along with the residents. In 1618, under the terms of the Deulin Truce, Dorogobuzh remained part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received the status of a povet center of the Smolensk Voivodeship (the Russian administrative division was borrowed while maintaining the composition and boundaries of the Dorogobuzh district). On May 28, 1625, Dorogobuzh received the privileges of Magdeburg law and was granted a coat of arms (the symbol of St. Mary), which was reflected on the city seal. In 1632, during the outbreak of the Smolensk War, Dorogobuzh was taken by the troops of the governor M.B. Shein and became the main stronghold of the further attack on Smolensk. In October 1633 it withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops, but according to the Treaty of Polyanovsky in 1634 it was left behind the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the war, the charter of Sigismund III for Magdeburg law was lost, and King Vladislav IV refused the request of the Dorogobuzh residents to confirm the privileges (1635), explaining this by the fact that the city offered almost no resistance to Moscow troops[4]. Dorogobuzh retained the position of voist and granted lands, but he lost the right to self-government. In June 1654, Dorogobuzh was taken by Moscow troops and in 1667, according to the Truce of Andrusovo, it finally went to Russia. 10 rubles (2003) - a commemorative coin from the series Ancient Cities of Russia View of the city across the Dnieper before the revolution [edit] Years of the Great Patriotic War The city was occupied by the Germans for the first time on October 5, 1941. The liberation of the city was carried out by the partisan detachments "Hurricane", "Grandfather" and “Grandfather” during the Rzhev-Vyazemsk operation of 1942. From February 15, 1942 to June 7, 1942, the city was under the control of Soviet troops. The city was finally liberated on September 1, 1943 by troops of the Western Front during the Elninsk-Dorogobuzh operation by the 5th Army.